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Zoology > Labs 6 7 8 9 > Flashcards

Labs 6 7 8 9 Flashcards

1
Q

function of a pinacocyte sponge cell

A

make up outer layers of sponge

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2
Q

function of a amoebacyte sponge cell

A

carry food to other cells, transform into other types when needed

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3
Q

function of a porocyte sponge cell

A

channel water into radial canals through pores

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4
Q

function of a choanocyte sponge cell

A

create water current, capture and engulf food particles through phagocytosis

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5
Q

most complex sponge body plan

A

leucon

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6
Q

medium complex sponge body plan

A

syncon

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7
Q

least complex sponge body plan

A

ascon

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8
Q

water flows into sponge body through surface pores called…

A

ostia

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9
Q

past the incurrent canals, water passes through small openings in cells called…

A

porocytes

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10
Q

… canals are lines with choanocytes

A

radial

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11
Q

the large central chamber where water ends up after the process

A

spongocoel

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12
Q

water is released from the sponge body through the…

A

osculum

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13
Q

sponge method of reproduction

A

both sexual and asexual

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14
Q

advantages of a folded or convoluted sponge body shape

A

greater surface to volume ration so they can grow larger, more opportunity for choanocytes to take in food

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15
Q

why sponges are placed the animal taxonomic group

A

sponge cells are held together by collagen like other animal cells and are believed to be one of the earliest ancestors of other animals

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16
Q

type of cell that produces current through the sponge

A

choanocytes or collar cells

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17
Q

type of cell that distributes nutrients throughout the sponge

A

amoebacytes

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18
Q

subtype of cell that creates spicules (skeletal spikes of silica or calcium carbonate)

A

sclerocytes

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19
Q

ways that sponges rely on movement of water

A

feeding, respiration, waste elimination, reproduction

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20
Q

porifera traits

A

aquatic (mostly marine), asymmetric and acellular

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21
Q

ecological benefits of sponges in aquatic ecosystems

A

microcurrents help prevent water from going stagnant, natural filtration and movement of dissolved oxygen

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22
Q

tissue layer where cnidocytes are located

A

body and primarily tentacles because of greater reach for potential prey and natural movement with ocean currents

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23
Q

mechanism of cnidocyte discharge

A

barbs on hollow thread-like filaments to deliver either poison to paralyze or adhesive

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24
Q

class Hydrozoa method of reproduction

A

asexual for polyps (shown by buds) but sexual for medusa (shown by gonads)

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25
Q

Hydra method of digestion

A

both intracellular and extracellular

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26
Q

difference between Hydra and Obelia

A

Hydra are stationary while Obelia can be mobile, Hydra only consist of polyps but no medusae, Obelia more branching structure

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27
Q

cnidaria traits

A

primarily marine, radial symmetry, two tissue types (epidermis and gastrodermis), no skeletal system

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28
Q

compare and contrast scyphozoan (true jellyfish) medusa vs Obelia medusa

A

scyphozoan medusa stage makes up most of life cycle, young medusae bud off of polyps for both

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29
Q

function of anthozoa pedial disk

A

tough fleshy base used for attachment

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30
Q

function of anthozoa acontia

A

contains cnidocytes which extend through the mouth to aid capture of prey or defense

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31
Q

function of anthozoa tentacles

A

defense and prey capture around the mouth

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32
Q

function of anthozoa primary septum

A

thin vertical wall dividing the body and providing increased surface area

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33
Q

function of anthozoa ostium

A

pore that allows circulation of fluids between body sections

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34
Q

similarities between cnidarians and ctenophores

A

bodies are both composed of two layers (epi and gastro) with a gelatinous layer between, marine invertabrates

35
Q

distinguishing characteristics of ctenophora (comb jellies) compared to cnidaria

A

eight longitudinal rows of ciliated bands which propel the organisms, lack stinging cnidocytes, complete digestive system

36
Q

specialized cells in Hydra for capturing and subduing prey

A

cnidocytes

37
Q

process between Obelia feeding polyp and reproductive polyp

A

body wall starts to grow outward, develops mouth and tentacles, and detaches

38
Q

selective advantage of radial symmetry for sessile or free-floating animals

A

allows the animal to capture prey from any angle

39
Q

selective advantage of diffuse nerve net for sessile or free-floating animals

A

can respond to stimulation from any direction for capturing prey and self defense

40
Q

modification sea anemones posses that allows food and water distribution across partitions

A

ostium pore which allows circulation of fluids between adjacent body sections

41
Q

Cnidaria Hydrozoa includes

A

Hydra and Obelia, medusa as sexually reproductive stage

42
Q

Cnidaria Scyphozoa includes

A

jellyfish, medusa form is dominant

43
Q

Cnidaria Anthozoa includes

A

sea anemone and coral, no medusa form only polyp

44
Q

platyhelminth traits

A

aquatic or parasitic habitats, bilaterally symmetrical, three tissues (epi, meso, gastro), move through cilia, first hunters

45
Q

function of planaria auricles

A

chemoreceptors that detect dissolved chemicals in water

46
Q

function of planaria pharynx

A

projected outward through mouth and used as straw for food intake

47
Q

acoelomate definition

A

no coelom (cavity within mesoderm)

48
Q

monoecious definition

A

both male and female reproductive organisms present in one individual, aka hermaphroditic

49
Q

features of planaria that lead to success in free-living

A

concentration of nervous tissues/sensory structures at one end a ladder like nervous system

50
Q

specific benefits of excretory system

A

necessary for the evolution of larger bodied animals where diffusion of waste would be impractical

51
Q

features of trematodes that suggest adaptation to parasitism

A

suckers to attach to hosts’ body walls, outer cuticle to protect them from being digested, capable of self-fertilization

52
Q

organ system that occupies the majority of fluke body space

A

a highly branched or coiled reproductive system

53
Q

the fluke digestive system is…

A

complete

54
Q

the two intermediate larval stages in fluke life cycle

A

miracidium, cercaria

55
Q

changes that occur as tapeworm proglottids mature

A

enlarge and shift toward the end of the tapeworm

56
Q

specific evolutionary features that maximize reproduction in tapeworms

A

capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction (one proglottid can fertilize another), uteri are tightly packed with up to 100,000 eggs

57
Q

true coelom is…

A

completely lined with mesoderm

58
Q

egestion (as compared to excretion)

A

expelling undigested waste

59
Q

cephalization

A

concentration of sense organs and nerves at the end of the body forming a head/brain

60
Q

benefits of cephalization for animals such as flatworms

A

leads to the creation of a brain, which provides opportunity for more complex thought

61
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

free-living, carnivorous, aquatic flatworms such as Dugesia

62
Q

Class Cestoda

A

body consists of segmented-like proglottids, includes tapeworms

63
Q

Class Trematoda

A

oral and ventral suckers present (oral used for feeding), includes parasitic flukes and clonorchis sinensis

64
Q

reason that tapeworms lack well-developed features like mouth, sensory structures, and digestion

A

tapeworms “eat” by absorbing food from their hosts, and are singularly focused on reproduction

65
Q

simplified life cycle of the human liver fluke clonorchis sinensis

A

humans acquire by eating uncooked fish, reproduce in human host then passed out of the body and eggs are eaten by snails, then reproduce and free-swimming larva burrow into fish’s skin

66
Q

nematoda traits

A

unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, tapered tubular bodies; usually dioecious; mixture of free-living and parasitic

67
Q

external differences between male and female nematodes

A

males smaller, curved posterior end with two small spicules

68
Q

reason that nematode digestion system is unspecialized

A

if they are parasitic, food is already partially digested by host

69
Q

structure where male nematode gametes released

A

enlarged seminal vesicle

70
Q

structure where female nematode gametes released

A

stored in the uterus then released through vagina and genital pore

71
Q

distinguishing differences between nematoda and rotifera

A

rotifera have corona (ciliated crown) and mastax to grasp and chew prey

72
Q

functions of the corona in rotifers

A

sweep food into the mouth and swim/propel selves by ciliary action

73
Q

purpose of toes for rotifera

A

used to attach to structures in water and sift through passing food

74
Q

parthenogenesis

A

process of females producing more females from unfertilized diploid eggs, asexual process which allows rapid regrowth and stability

75
Q

advantages of roundworms over flatworms

A

roundworms have complete digestive system and psuedocoelom

76
Q

advantages of digestive tract having separate exit and entrance

A

can store multiple meals at once at different stages in digestion process

77
Q

similarities and differences between nematode and flatworm nervous systems

A

flatworms have two long nerve cords with ladder-like transverse commissures while nematodes have four, both have central ganglia

78
Q

selective advantage of cuticle for parasites

A

with cuticle, animal is less likely to be digested or hurt by stomach acids

79
Q

selective advantage of cuticle for free-living nematode

A

increases surface area for digestion

80
Q

females are likely more numerous because…

A

they are more productive than males and in some cases do not need fertilized eggs to develop

81
Q

difference between psuedocoelom and coelom

A

coelom is completely lined by mesoderm instead of just partially

82
Q

ectotherm

A

aka cold-blooded animal, relies on other sources for body heat

83
Q

both nematodes and rotifers…

A

bilaterally symmetrical, dioecious, complete digestive tract

84
Q

rotifers, but not nematodes…

A

typically inhabit freshwater (not parasites), can swim or crawl

Zoology (2 decks)

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