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English language paper 2 > language change > Flashcards

language change Flashcards

1
Q

define neologism

A

new words

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2
Q

define etymology

A

history of words

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3
Q

define lexicographer

A

dictionary writer/editor

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4
Q

issues lexicographers face

A

personal opinions, pronunciation, word class

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5
Q

what makes a word ‘real’

A

data & usage, trend, longevity

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6
Q

define printing press

A

mass production of text

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7
Q

who made printing press and when

A

William Coxton, 1476

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8
Q

who wrote official English dictionary

A

Samuel Johnson, 1755

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9
Q

who wrote the grammar book

A

Robert Lowth, 1762

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10
Q

phonetic spelling

A

dictionary hadn’t been published or hadn’t been published for long so standardisation hadn’t occurred

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11
Q

long S

A

established via printing press, beginning of standardisation

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12
Q

capitalisation of all nouns

A

no differentiation between nouns, grammar book hadn’t been published so there was no standard grammatical rules

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13
Q

long sentences

A

due to no standardised way of grammar, older texts were often read aloud

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14
Q

define prescriptivism

A

don’t like language change, believe that only standard English and grammar should be used, standard English is superior

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15
Q

define descriptivism

A

agree that language needs to change, where necessary and evolve

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16
Q

damp spoon metaphor

A

bad English sticks to lazy people - prescriptivist

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17
Q

damp spoon evaluation

A

Aitchison said speaking quickly doesn’t equate to laziness, only laziness in speech is ‘drunken speech’

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18
Q

crumbling castle metaphor

A

English was like a castle but over time, it has decayed and crumbled

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19
Q

crumbling castle evaluation

A

Aitchison said language is constantly evolving and impossible to pinpoint when language was at the ‘peak of perfection’

20
Q

infectious disease metaphor

A

bad English spreads with no cure

21
Q

infectious disease evaluation

A

Aitchison argues people pick up language because they want to, so it isn’t a disease

22
Q

4 ways a word can change in meaning

A

amelioration, pejoration, broadening, narrowing

23
Q

define amelioration

A

when a word moves towards a more positive meaning

24
Q

define pejoration

A

when a word has become more negative

25
Q

define broadening

A

where words start to cover a wider range of meaning

26
Q

define narrowing

A

where a term is reduced in meaning

27
Q

main factors influencing language

A

standardisation, dictionary, grammar book, Equality Act 2010, political correctness, gender, attitudes, technology, power, travel, globalisation

28
Q

substratum theory

A

language changes come about through contact with others. initially, this happened through invasion or trading, more commonly now in social networking or immigration

29
Q

wave model - Bailey

A

geographical location can have an impact on change. people who are close to the new form of language will pick it up, a person further away is less likely to adopt it

30
Q

functional theory - Halliday

A

identified 3 main types of change: new discoveries, technological words, slang. focuses on words and how they change

31
Q

progress or decay - Aitchison

A

progress - descriptivism. decay - prescriptivism. neither - believe its inevitable but they’re normally progress

32
Q

S curve model - Chen

A

start of the process of a new form of language can be very slow, creating the first curve at the bottom of the S. increases as it starts to become more used and accepted. the longer it’s then used the slower it starts to become, and starts to dip again towards the end

33
Q

Romaine

A

identified 2 different types of change - internal (neologisms, etymology, influence of dictionaries), external (social influences and how its an ongoing and ever changing process)

34
Q

in formalisation - Goodman

A

language has become more informal overtime

35
Q

young cuckoo - Aitchison

A

neologisms start to become more popular and, as they’re used more, the old word will disappear and the new word will replace the old

36
Q

define onomatopoeic words

A

represents sounds

37
Q

define affixation

A

affixes added together to form another word

38
Q

define back formation

A

elements of a word are subtracted to form another word

39
Q

define compounding

A

words combined to form another word

40
Q

define blends

A

2 words fused together from using both elements of original words

41
Q

define functional conversion

A

words have adapted to have another use and meaning

42
Q

define eponyms

A

proper nouns converted into names for other things

43
Q

define clips

A

words are shortened

44
Q

define acronyms

A

pronounce as a whole

45
Q

define initialisms

A

pronounce each letter separately

English language paper 2 (6 decks)

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