Language Diversity

Question 1

Lakoff

Answer 1

Dominance model
Marked terms - adding diminuative suffix ‘hostess’ ‘waitress’
Women’s language is weaker

Question 2

Semantic derogation

Answer 2

Meanings of words change
Spinster connotations

Question 3

O Barr snd Atkins

Answer 3

Deficit model
Place/ setting specific
Rather than gendered language
Men use deficit language features in courtrooms

Question 4

Tannen

Answer 4

Difference model
Male talk is report-orientated
Reports facts
Female talk is rapport-orientated
To maintain friendships

Question 5

Spender

Answer 5

Dominance model
Male as norm
Women are extensions of men
Mr and mrs

Question 6

Anna w

Answer 6

Article states that ‘language has no mind or agenda ’

Question 7

Keith and shuttleworth

Answer 7

Women talk more than men
Women ask more questions and complain more
Men dominate and swear more
Specific genderlect

Question 8

Stephen moss The Guradian article

Answer 8

Do women really talk more ?
States it’s a myth that science shows anything different between a man and woman’s brain
Stereotypes permeate our culture

Question 9

Deborah Cameron

Answer 9

Speak up I can’t hear you article
Assuming men can get away with things due to society have a shared understanding of then inferring differently to women
Lack of communication
Creating issues with allowing men to own up to consequences

Question 10

Men and mental health

Answer 10

Data shows that 40% of men won’t talk about their mental health because of social standards

Question 11

Zimmerman and west

Answer 11

Men interrupt more

Question 12

Naomi wolf article about vocal fry

Answer 12

Women represented as less worthy
They’re using colloquial language that creates a less educated representation

Question 13

Indignant

Answer 13

Serious tone

Question 14

Hedging

Answer 14

‘Sort of’

Question 15

Back channelling

Answer 15

Yeah, ummhummm

Question 16

Tag questions

Answer 16

It’s fun, isnt it?

Question 17

Meritocracy

Answer 17

Praised for achievements rather than background eg accent and ethnicity

Question 18

Direct and indirect language

Answer 18

Tannen
Order vs proposal theory
Women sugesting
Men commanding

Question 19

Folk linguistics

Answer 19

Attitudes and assumptions about the way men and women talk
Proverbs used such as mother tongue
Historically English has always jumped to favour men

Question 20

Semantic deterioration

Answer 20

Negative connotations become attached
Mistress

Question 21

MLE

Answer 21

Jafaican
Convergence used amongst teens
Teen speak
The guardian article in favour of MLE states that it helps people’s tolerance and acceptance of other accents. It’s a unique blend enriching language.

Question 22

Labov study

Answer 22

Martha’s Vineyard
Convergence to older members of island
Younger workers wanted to diverge from the tourists language
Using a different vowel pronunciation to fit in

Question 23

American English

Answer 23

Using rhotic sounds
Lexical use of ‘fall’
Grammatical use of ‘t’ for past tense not ‘ed’

Question 24

South African English

Answer 24

Use different lexis such as ‘robot’ for traffic light

Question 25

David Crystal and global English

Answer 25

Englishes plural
We have adapted languages ourselves
400 mill speakers globally
‘Loan words’ borrowed from other countries

Question 26

Global English

Answer 26

The idea of English as a wold language suggests only one form of

Question 27

Braj kachni

Answer 27

Diagram to show native and second language users
Can suggest privilege to native speakers being self centred in the circle

Question 28

Jenifer Jenkins

Answer 28

Code switching
Changing dialect around different people

Question 29

Simon Jenkins

Answer 29

Accent is the diversity of the human market

Question 30

Lance workman

Answer 30

Outdated stereotypes
Yorkshire accent is now associated with trustworthiness
No clear correlation between accent and ability

Question 31

Giles

Answer 31

Found speakers of RP were judged as unfriendly and unsociable
As well and intelligent and trustworthy

Question 32

Stereotypes of accents

Answer 32

Geordie accent is dumb
Somerset are all farmers
Scouse sing song
Brummie is negative (flat vowel use)

Question 33

Non standard accent stigma

Answer 33

In workplace you are considered less educated although could have better abilities than someone with standard RP.

Question 34

Second language speakers

Answer 34

Educated and impressive learning new language
However you have an accent so are considered less educated.
Stigma created

Question 35

Idiolect

Answer 35

Individual way of speaking to stand out. Uniqueness

Question 36

Regional accents

Answer 36

In the Uk

Question 37

Non standard accents in school

Answer 37

Can create miscommunication if for example Scottish isn’t ur accent.

Question 38

Importance of accents

Answer 38

Place of belonging
Similar with MLE

Question 39

Overt prestige

Answer 39

Purposely sounding a certain way

Question 40

Slang usage

Answer 40

Can cause bullying
Affects written work
Used for convergence
Gang culture
Less prestigious in future jobs
Individuality and is social nature

Question 41

Outdated stereotypes reinforce the class ceiling
Lance workman

Answer 41

There is no clear correlation between an individuals accent and their ability

Question 42

Liberman

Answer 42

Stereotypes permeate our culture
Science shows that there’s no difference with out brains
Experiences exaggerated over time

Question 43

Dan Clayton

Answer 43

Interviews people who have many prejudice views on people using slang
‘Filling out benefit form’
Comparing language use to social status and ability to