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geology 202 > last quiz > Flashcards

last quiz Flashcards

1
Q

how are plate boundaries produced?

A

from mouvement in different directions at different speeds

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2
Q

what are the 2 major types of faults?

A

dip-slip faults
strike-slip faults

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3
Q

what are the three types of dip-slip faults

A

normal fault
reverse fault
thrust fault

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4
Q

what are the two types of strike-slip faults

A

left lateral strike-slip fault
right lateral strike-slip fault

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5
Q

why do faults occur?

A

because directed stress build up in rocks

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6
Q

what are the three types of stress?

A

compression
tension
shear

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7
Q

what is compression stress?

A

squeezing of the rock

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8
Q

what is tension stress?

A

stretching of the rock

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9
Q

what is shear stress?

A

slipping along a plane parallel to the stress

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10
Q

how is strain/ deformation produced?

A

the accumulation of stress in a rock

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11
Q

what are the three stages of strain?

A

elastic deformation
ductile deformation
brittle deformation (fracture)

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12
Q

what is elastic deformation?

A

-fully reversible
-stretch and it will spring back

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13
Q

what is ductile deformation?

A

-irreversible
-rock will not go back to original shape if stretched

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14
Q

what is brittle deformation?

A

the rock is stretched so far it breaks

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15
Q

what are faults?

A

planar fractures in rocks where rocks on either side have moved

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16
Q

how are earthquakes caused?

A

by mouvement along faults

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17
Q

what is the rupture zone?

A

slip only occurs along part of the fault

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18
Q

what is the focus or hypocenter?

A

where the rupture starts

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19
Q

what is the epicenter?

A

on the surface above the focus

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20
Q

what is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

A

friction exists along the fault plane so the rocks on either side of the fault resist movement

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21
Q

where do shallow intermediate and deep earthquakes occur?

A

at subduction zones

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22
Q

what boundaries are associated with shallow earthquakes?

A

transform and divergent boundaries

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23
Q

what are body waves?

A

seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth

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24
Q

what are the two types of body waves?

A

P-wave
S-wave

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25
Q

what is a P-wave?

A

compression-extension
fast
primary

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26
Q

what is an S-wave?

A

shear
slow
secondary

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27
Q

how are surface waves generated?

A

from the arrival of body waves at the surface of the earth

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28
Q

what is the most destructive wave?

A

surface waves

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29
Q

what do surface waves include?

A

rayleigh
love

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30
Q

what are seismographs?

A

machines that record the arrival of earthquake waves

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31
Q

what does attenuate mean?

A

the amplitude of the waves get smaller

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32
Q

what is the modified mercalli scale?

A

a scale designed to describe the effects of an earthquake based on observation

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33
Q

what is the richter magnitude scale?

A

measures an earthquakes magnitude

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34
Q

what does each level on the richter scale indicate?

A

10 times the amount of shaking
33 times the amount of energy

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35
Q

what hazards are associated with earthquakes?

A

flooding
landslides
fires
liquifaction
tsunamis

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36
Q

what is rock mechanics?

A

the study of the properties and mechanical behaviour of rock materials in response to the forces acting on them within their physical environment

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37
Q

when are rock mechanics important?

A

for every project where the rock is the structure or supports a structure

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38
Q

what is mass wasting?

A

the downslope movement of earth materials due to gravity

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39
Q

how are mass wasting events classified?

A

type of movement
type of material
velocity

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40
Q

what are the three types of movement?

A

flow, slide, or fall

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41
Q

what are the two types of material?

A

rock
sediment

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42
Q

what is a fall?

A

free fall of earth materials

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43
Q

how are rocks loosened?

A

root growth
frost wedging
heavy precipitation

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44
Q

what are slides?

A

coherent masses of earth material slide down slope along a failure surface called a slide plane within boundaries

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45
Q

what is a slump surface?

A

a curved failure surface

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46
Q

what is a glide surface?

A

planar failure surface

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47
Q

what are slumps?

A

slow slope failures along a curved slide surface

48
Q

what is a scarp?

A

a steep scar on the undisturbed side of the failure
the zone of detachment

49
Q

when do block glides occur?

A

when coherent masses of rock or sediment move along planar sliding surfaces

50
Q

what types of failure planes are there?

A

sedimentary bedding planes
metamorphic foliation planes
faults
fractures

51
Q

what are flows?

A

mass mouvements of unconsolidated material move overland

52
Q

how do flows behave?

A

fluid like

53
Q

what are flows caused by?

A

rainfall
steep slopes
lack of vegetation
presence of loose soil and debris

54
Q

what is a creep?

A

very slow downslope movement of rock and soil particles near the ground surface
discontinuous-numerous discrete downslope movements

55
Q

what are the effects of a soil creep?

A

objects resting on top of the soil are carried by it as it descends down the slope

56
Q

what are fast flows?

A

dense mixtures of sediment and water

57
Q

what are the three types of fast flows?

A

rock avalanches
debris flows
mudflows

58
Q

what is a rock avalanche?

A

fast flow of rock fragment

59
Q

what is a debris flow?

A

fast flow of coarse sediment

60
Q

what is a mudflow?

A

fast flow of mud

61
Q

What does water tension do in unsaturated sediments?

A

pulls grains towards each other

62
Q

what does pore pressure do to saturated sediments?

A

pushes grains apart

63
Q

what is a debris flow?

A

very fast flow that behaves like a fluid

64
Q

when do debris flows occur?

A

when water mixes with loose soil and rock on a sloping surface
heavy rainfall
snowmelt

65
Q

what is a rock mass?

A

a large body of rock

66
Q

how are rock masses broken up?

A

by discontinuities

67
Q

what are discontinuities?

A

planes of weakness

68
Q

what are the 4 types of disconinuities?

A
  1. Bedding planes (sedimentary rock)
  2. Joints/ cracks (breaks without placement)
  3. Faults (breaks with displacement)
  4. foliation (metamorphic rocks)
69
Q

what does the strength of the rock masses depend on?

A

-the strength of the intact rock
-the strength of any discontinuities

70
Q

what is it called when the rock shape or volume is changed by stress?

A

strain

71
Q

when does elactic deformation occur?

A

when stress is proportional to strain

72
Q

when does ductile deformation occur?

A

when rocks volume changes

73
Q

when does brittle deformation occur?

A

when the rock undergoes too much strain

74
Q

what is rock strength?

A

the maximum amount of stress you can apply to arock before it fractures

75
Q

what is uniaxial compressive strength the basis for?

A

the classification in rock mechanics

76
Q

what controls rock strength?

A
  1. rock type
  2. confining pressure
  3. water
    4.amount and duration of stress
  4. weathering
77
Q

what is rock type based on?

A

mineral composition
texture
structures

78
Q

what are the 3 rock types?

A

sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic

79
Q

what are the physical properties that control rock strength?

A

mineral composition
texture
structures

80
Q

what does unweathered rock strength depend on?

A

mineral assemblage
texture

81
Q

what is mineral assemblage?

A

framework silicates are stronger than sheet silicates

82
Q

what texture is strongest?

A

crystalline textures stronger than clastic textures with cement

83
Q

what does the strength of clastic rocks depend on?

A

development and type of cementation

84
Q

What is unconfined compressive strength test?

A

values for intact flawless rock samples

85
Q

what does confining pressure increase?

A

rock strength

86
Q

what do deeply buried rock experience more of?

A

more confining pressure

87
Q

what conteracts confining pressure and reduces rock strength?

A

pore pressure

88
Q

what does weathering increase?

A

porosity and permeability of rock

89
Q

what controls the strength of dicontinuities?

A
  1. surface roughness
  2. joint width
  3. extent of weathering in fracture planes
  4. water
  5. continuity
  6. spacing
  7. orientation
90
Q

how does surface roughness control discontinuities?

A

rough surfaces increase coefficient of friction= strong rock mass

91
Q

how does joint width control discontinuities?

A

hairline or healed fractures are stronger than gapped fractures

92
Q

how does the extent of weathering in fracture planes control dicontinuities?

A

weathered fracture planes tend to be weaker then fresh fracture planes

93
Q

what are the two types of water fractures?

A

wet fractures
flowing fractures

94
Q

what is a wet fracture?

A

water acts to reduce coefficient of friction

95
Q

what is a flowing fracture?

A

elevated pore pressure acts to lift and reduce effective stress

96
Q

how does continuity control discontinuities?

A

short discontinuous surfaces transfer some stress to intact rock and may not weaken the rock mass significantly

97
Q

how does spacing control discontinuities?

A

closely spaced joints reduces rock strength tremendously

98
Q

how does orientation control discontinuities?

A

the steeper the dip of the plane of weakness the more likely rocks will fail

99
Q

what is daylighting?

A

fracture surface dips in the same direction as the slope of the outcrop

100
Q

when do rocks fail?

A

-when rocks become unstable overtime due to weathering
-when there are major changes in the state of stress
-there are major chaanges in hydrologic conditions

101
Q

what are the two ways rock mass strength can be evaluated?

A

rock quality designation (RQD)
rock mass rating (RMR)

102
Q

what does rock quality designation describe?

A

the mechanical quality of rock recovered when taking a core

103
Q

what does rock mass rating measure?

A

provides a semi-quantitative measure of the strength or stability of the rock mass

104
Q

what is RMR based on?

A

UCS
RQd index
spacing of discontinuityies
condition of discontinuities
orientation of disconinuities
groundwater conditions

105
Q

what is determined by quantifying the strength of the rock mass?

A

-if the rock will support the structure
-how much support to add to the rock to make it support the structure
-how long the rock will last before failing

106
Q

what is weather?

A

condtitions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
(what you get)

107
Q

what is climate?

A

how the atmosphere behaves over a long period of time and space
(what you expect)

108
Q

how is weather measured?

A

by weather station that measure the temp of the air directly above land or water

109
Q

what is a temperature anomaly?

A

the number of degrees above normal

110
Q

what are anomalies representative of?

A

tempture changes over large areas and distances and are useful for understanding climate change

111
Q

what are the two ways to change the temperature of the earth?

A
  1. change the amoubt of solar radiation reaching earth
  2. change the amount of GHG in the atmosphere
112
Q

how do you change the amount of solar radiation reaching earth?

A

change the strength of the sun
change the position of the earth relative to the sun

113
Q

what is the solar cycle?

A

an 11 year cycle where the sun dims and brightens

114
Q

what do Milankovitch cycles decribe?

A

describe how earths movements affect the climate over thousands of years

115
Q

what are milankovitch cycles?

A

changes in earths which can put the earth closer to the sun and changing the amount of solar radiation to earth

geology 202 (2 decks)

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