Later Industrial Revn. Reforms (1840-1914)

Question 1

Forces Pushing for Reform

Answer 1

● Artists & intellectuals
○ ex. Charles Dickens
● Religious/moral pressures
○ esp. Evangelical Christians
● Labour Unions
○ Push for safer work, limits on
child labour, shorter work
days, etc.
○ Most success in skilled
(artisanal) work

Question 2

Forces Pushing for Reform

Answer 2

Democratic Socialists ○ ex. “Fabian” - or
Gradual/Evolutionary -
Socialists
● Cooperative Movements (trade,
type of goods)
○ Individual competition

Question 3

Liberals themselves

Answer 3

○ Social Liberals
■ Genuinely want reforms
○ Exs. Abolition, Expanded and
Women’s Suffrage, Sewage Systems, Public Transportation, etc.
○ And/or frightened of violence (revolution) from the radical left.

Question 4

Areas of Major Reforms

Answer 4

Themes:
● Factories Acts (Working Rights & Conditions)
● Democratic or Electoral Reform Acts (Transforming Elections & Governments)
● Social Acts (Education, later pensions, Worker’s Comp)

Question 5

Factory Acts (many)

Answer 5

● Gradual (!) progression with the following trends:
○ fewer hours
■ esp. for women &
children
■ partial realization of
Union/Social Democratic demands for more work/life balance (see right)

Question 6

Factory Acts (many)

Answer 6

○ improvement in rights, working conditions, hours
○ esp./first for women & children
■ ex. education provided by employers to working children
■ ex. women prohibited from working in mines
○ Union membership no longer illegal (1870s)

Question 7

Social Acts

Answer 7

● Education
○ gradually becoming:
■ compulsory
■ applied to higher age
ranges
■ with school fees (&
even lunches)
supplies by the Govt.
● Restrictions on children’s use
of alcohol, tobacco

Question 8

Social Acts

Answer 8

1908 - Old Age Pensions Act
● Does away with Workhouses
● Provides a basic income for
anyone >70
1911 - National Insurance Act
● Income for sick/injured workers
● Compulsory contribution
(workers, employers, government)

Question 9

Democratic Acts

Answer 9

1867 - Second Reform Act
● reduces wealth levels to vote
● doubles # of voters (male, urban)
1872 - (Secret) Ballot Act 1884 - Third Reform Act
● “Representation of the People” Act
● further reduction of
property/income reqs.
● ≅ 60% of adult (>21) males can
vote

Question 10

Democratic Acts

Answer 10

1911 - Parliament Act
● House of Lords may only delay,
not veto, any bill from the House
of Commons
1918 - Fourth Reform Act
● Also called the “Representation of the People” Act
● All males >21 can now vote
● females >30 can now vote