league of nations and international peace

Question 1

who were the members of the league of nations?

Answer 1

britain, france,italy, japan
america was missing because the senate believed in isolationism.
russia wasn’t allowed to join because the lon(league of nations) was scared of communism.
germany left once hitler came into power

Question 2

what were the league’s aims?

Answer 2

to stop war from breaking out again
to encourage disarmament
to improve working conditions
to tackle deadly diseases

Question 3

what was the covenant?

Answer 3

set up what the league was and what members could expect to happen under it and dealt with aggression.

Question 4

how did the league plan to keep peace?

Answer 4

collective security and international laws

Question 5

what was collective security?

Answer 5

collective security was the idea that if all countries worked together they could make sure peace was kept and that the interests of other nations were looked after

Question 6

what was the role of the usa?

Answer 6

senate refused to agree, Wilson tried to convince people that it was good idea, however American shad seen a lot of young americans die so they wanted to isolate themselves.

Question 7

how did the league deal with aggression?

Answer 7

mitigation(talking it out)
moral condemnation(telling off)
economic sanctions(not trading with that country)

Question 8

what were britain’s and france’s thoughts on the league?

Answer 8

at the paris peace conference,lloyd George was very critical however he then issued the fountainbleau memorandum
it helped final peace treaties and allowed germany’s colonies to be given away as mandates
lon would run countries until they were able to be independent, more colonies for the british empire
france was happy to be protected from invasion

Question 9

america should’ve been allowed to join lon-reasons to agree

Answer 9

yes because Woodrow Wilson had the idea to bring the world together for peace and prevent future war
they would’ve had better trade deals with other countries
america was also the most powerful country at the time ,so could’ve been used to threaten countries during small disputes

Question 10

america should’ve been allowed to join the lon-reasons to disagree

Answer 10

they wanted to stay out of future wars and disputes, americans were appalled by the carnage of ww1
they believed in freedom and opposed colonies and empires, didn’t want to add to britain and france’s empires

Question 11

what was the council?

Answer 11

42 countries met once a year and wasn’t enough to ensure the league ran smoothly
too large to act in an emergency
4 permanent members

Question 12

what was the assembly?

Answer 12

international parliament 
unanimous vote(what was the assembly in charge of)

Question 13

what was the assembly in charge of?

Answer 13

the assembly was in charge of the elections to permanent court of justice
voting for non-permanent members of the council
deciding how the league’s money was spent

Question 14

what was the permanent court of justice?

Answer 14

court of law which would settle international arguments
11 judges, 4 deputy judges
hard to get countries to follow advice, no army to force people to do things they wanted
the court was elected by the assembly and council
judges were prominent for 11 years

Question 15

what was the secrectarient?

Answer 15

it was a civil service in charge of administration and organising any action that the league wanted to take
body of experts from different areas eg finance
responsible for carrying out any decisions taken bythe league,except for military issues

Question 16

what was special commissions?

Answer 16

special groups put together to tackle issues that the league was worried about
helped underdeveloped countries with economic issues
supported underrepresented or minority groups such as women and supervised the mandates

Question 17

aims of the league-mnemonic

Answer 17

D-disarmament(discourage aggression)
I-improve peoples lives and working conditions
E-encourage cooperation and trade
S-stop war (collective security)

Question 18

what were the strengths of league of nations?

Answer 18

written into all the peace treaties, so all nations who signed recognised the organisation
vast membership
so many members that economic sanctions were daunting for small countries

Question 19

what were the weaknesses of the league of nations?

Answer 19

many important countries didn’t or wouldn’t join the league, which undermined it as a ‘global’ organisation it meant that if a country got a sanction, they could trade with countries that weren’t part of the league eg america
league had no army so they couldn’t force people to take their advice
structure was very complicated, confused others and slowed action
decision making was unanimous, so it was slow

Question 20

what were the border disputes?

Answer 20

vilna 1920(failure)[austria and lithuania]
upper silesia 1921(success)[poland and germany]
aaland islands 1921 (success)[sweden and finland]
corfu 1923(failure)[greece and albania]
bulgaria 1925(success)[greece and bulgaria]
the great depression 1929(failure)[worldwide]

Question 21

what was the problem in the vilna border dispute in 1920?

Answer 21

austria-hungary empire given independence
poland and lithuania were created
people in vilna(lithuania’s capital) wanted to be polish
polish army took control of vilna
lithuania asked lon for help

Question 22

what did the lon do about the vilna border dispute in 1921?

Answer 22

france needed poland as ally to help, and poland ultimately didn’t want to give it’s support
britain didn’t wanted to send troops without support from france
poland consequently took vilna

Question 23

what was the problem in the upper silesia border dispute in 1921?

Answer 23

poland and germany both wanted it as there was iron and steel production
germany has 60% of votes to get upper silesia during the plebiscite , however poland said that people who voted lived in upper silesia
poles were sad because they lost half of their population and a third of its land.
500,000 poles were in german territory
germany was upset because they lost three quest terms if their coal which meant they lost income as well
coal agreement ended in 1923, and this worsened the conflict between germany and poland

Question 24

what did the lon do about the upper silesia border dispute in 1921?

Answer 24

they conducted a plebiscite(a vote) and britain and france sent their troops to authorise it
plot upper silesia into regions depending on how people voted,so poland had the industry and germany got rural areas
outcome accepted by both parties and ensured that everything was in the right place

Question 25

what was the problem in the aaland island border dispute in 1921?

Answer 25

sweden and finland both wanted the aaland islands and claimed it
both threatened war on each other

Question 26

what did the lon do about the aaland island border dispute in 1921?

Answer 26

they investigated both country’s claim
island was to be finland’s however finland was not allowed to build forts, so they didn’t have a base to threaten or attack sweden
successfully avoided war

Question 27

what was the problem about the corfu border dispute in 1923?

Answer 27

mussolini(italian dictator) found a tellini(one of his detectives) had been mrudered in corfu
he blamed the greece government and demanded compensation
invaded and occupied corfu, killed 15 people
greece appealed to lon who condemned mussolini as he acted with aggression, he agreed that greece should pay compensation

Question 28

what did lon do about the corfu border dispute in 1923?

Answer 28

lon looked after money that was awarded to italy after the killers were found(tellini’s murderers)
however lon was persuaded by mussolini to force greece to apologise
lon proved that they could be ignored and overturned by international groups

Question 29

what was the problem in the bulgaria border dispute in 1925?

Answer 29

bulgarian soldiers killed a greek soldier after he crossed the bulgarian border, greece then invaded
greece thought that league was being hypocritical as mussolini got away with similar actions in corfu 1923
greece was a small country and unwilling to risk poor relations with such powerful members of the league

Question 30

what did lon do about the bulgaria border dispute in 1925?

Answer 30

bulgaria appealed to lon for help

league condemned greeks and ordered them to withdraw their troops and pay compensation

Question 31

what was the problem in the great depression in 1929?

Answer 31

country was plunged into a devasting depression high lasted throughout the 1930’s
all global economies affected as they traded with each other
people lost faith in governments, some turned to extremist parties such as the nazis who promised to overturn the treaty of versailles

Question 32

what did the lon do about the great depression?

Answer 32

the league was powerless as they had no army to threaten violent parties with

Question 33

how did the league help people?

Answer 33

international labour organisation 
commission for refugees 
slavery commission 
economic and financial committee 
organisation for communications and transport 
health committee
permanent central opium board

Question 34

what was the international labour organisation?

Answer 34

it was to get workers,employees and government to improve working conditions

Question 35

what were the successes of the international labour organisation?

Answer 35

in 1928, they helped 77 countries have a minimum wage

in 1930 they helped greece set up social insurance and helped the unemployed

Question 36

what were the failures of the international labour organisation?

Answer 36

in 1919 they stopped children under 14 working as it cost too much, affected businesses
1935 working limited to 8 hours, only 4 countries in favour

Question 37

what was the commission for refugees?

Answer 37

they returned prisoners of war and supported refugees

Question 38

what were the successes of the commission of refugees?

Answer 38

in 1921 they hoepednfree 427,000 our of 500,000 prisoners of war in ww1 and returned them home
in 1922 in turkey and greece new refugee camps with doctors were put in place

Question 39

what were the failures of the commission for refugees?

Answer 39

the high commissioner of germany didn’t agree to the camps for jewish refugees since there was unanimous votes(menacing everyone had to agree), so the insider was appointed outside of the league

Question 40

what was the slavery commission?

Answer 40

it advanced the suppression of the slave trade and slavery

Question 41

what were the successes of the slavery commission?

Answer 41

organised raids for slavery camps in sierra leone and freed 20,000 slaves
in 1927 sierra leone abolished slavery

Question 42

what were the failures of the slavery commission?

Answer 42

there is still slavey today

Question 43

what was the economic and financial committee?

Answer 43

it supported economies of some countries

Question 44

what was the organisation for communications and transport?

Answer 44

it regulated transport developed during war to keep people safe

Question 45

what was the health committee?

Answer 45

it was to improve health and tackle deadly disease

Question 46

what was the permanent central opium board?

Answer 46

it stopped the creation and cultivation of opium(a painkiller)

Question 47

what were the international agreements?(agreements that happened outside of the league consequently undermining it)

Answer 47

washington arms conference 1921-1922
the rapello treaty 1922
the locarno treaty 1925
kellogg-briand pact 1928

Question 48

what was the rapello treaty in 1922?

Answer 48

russia forced to leave ww1 and surrender to germany’s
treaty of brest took away land and high reparations
germany returned money and land, cooperate in the future
didn’t want to involve the lon, neither countries were allowed to join

Question 49

what was the washington arms conference in 1921-1922?

Answer 49

the lenin wasn’t i loved in the first international arms conference despite one of its aims being disarmament and being a ‘global’ organisation
big four discussed navies
britain’s and usa has the same sized navies, every 5 tonnes at battleships, japan could have 3
britain and france and japan attended as individual countries
said a lot about their attitudes towards lon and their priorities, only concerned about themselves

Question 50

what was the locarno treaty in 1925?

Answer 50

france and german rebuilding after the war, france invaded germany
germany minister invited to frances to sign a pact importing reparations
german wasn’t a member of the league
germany accepted border set in in treaty of versailles
no alsace lorraine , peaceful and settled dispute with league

Question 51

what was the kellogg-briand pact in 1928?

Answer 51

65 countries met in paris to sign and agreement to not result to war as a solution to settle disputes any an dusa signed first and they were not part of on therefore the eagle wasnt a part of this
individual counties acted deprecate from league, showed people that peace could be achieved with it

Question 52

what was the decline of international cooperation?

Answer 52

decline of global nations working together for the same goals or interests

Question 53

what was it like in 1920 before the great depression?

Answer 53

people had survived the war, economies started to recover, slots of spending worldwide

Question 54

what happened in 1929?

Answer 54

the great depression started due to the wall street crash
a financial crisis that hit america hard
banks and businesses went bust
affected rest of the world since america was one of the most powerful countries in the world and traded exports to other countries

Question 55

what were the problems of the great depression?

Answer 55

hitler was very skilled at offering solutions using simple slogans
dictatorship was when one person rules over everyone
take land by force, population needed space food and resources
promise of victories overseas distracted people from problems at home, success restored natural pride
dictators played problems on the victims

Question 56

how did the great depression affect the league?

Answer 56

hitler and mussolini were not afraid to use violence
not interested in collective security and went scared of moral condemnation
lon has no army and no members wanted to risk war
only economic sanctions were imposed

Question 57

what happened in the manchuria crisis 1931?

Answer 57

on the 18th september, there was an explosion of the south manchurian railway.
chinese soldiers denied claims that they had shot railway guards
kwantung army used events as an excuse to take over manchuria
people of japan were delighted with this victory and celebrated openly in the streets
in 1932 japan renamed manchuria to manchukua, pui di and ex chinese emperor thrown out in 1911, in charge as puppet ruler which meant japan could control him

Question 58

why did the manchurian crisis happen?

Answer 58

manchuria is geographically close to japan
japan had large industry and an army making invasion easier
shorty of confusion between who owned the area, russia china and japan all claimed it was theirs in the past
1931 ruled by chinese warlord however his power was weakening
japan scared that china might kick out japanese industry
japan fought war against russia in 1996, taking jover would sort old enemies as well as distract japanese people from domestic problems

Question 59

what did the league do in the manchurian crisis?

Answer 59

china and japan were algae from the leagues headquarters
japan was a powerful member of the league, people didn’t know who to believe
china’s politics were confusing and britain and france were facing the great depression
the league issued moral condemnation but japan refused
economic sanction but they didn’t work because usa was japan main trade partner and they weren’t part of the league
the nearest powerful country was russia, which also wasn’t part of the league

Question 60

what was the lytton report?

Answer 60

lytton p(british investigator) went to the area and put together a report in oct 1932
he concluded what everyone already knew, that japan was in the wrong since they overreacted and shouldn’t have invaded
japan left the league and in feb 1933 they invaded another chinese region
1938 the japanese army controlled many chinese cities

Question 61

what did the league fail to do?

Answer 61

the league failed to stop an act of aggression which consequently led to japan taking over even more chinese territory
showed people that non european affairs that were far away would remain unsolved

Question 62

what happened in the abyssinian crisis in 1935?

Answer 62

in dec 1934 italian soldiers clashed with abyssinian soldiers
150 abyssinian liked and 2 italians killed
league tried to intervene, but found it difficult to stop mussolini
both italy and abyssinia is found it difficult to stop mussolini
jan 1935 french foreign minister p called laval met with mussolini and had a secret agreement
despite moral condemnation from league mussolini entered abyssinia on 3 oct 1935
italians bombed abyssinian and used chemical weapons to terrorise people
30 june 1935 haile selassie(abyssinian emperor) addressed th ekeague warning them of the effects of the failure to deal with mussolini

Question 63

why did the abyssinian happen?

Answer 63

mussolini wanted to rebuild ancient roman empire didn’t think britain and would object
invasion was easy as they owned small colonies bordering abyssinia
good for the economy because it was rich in resources
tried to invade before and failed wanted revenge and restore national pride

Question 64

how did the league fail?

Answer 64

the suez canal
hoare-laval pact
trade sanctions

Question 65

how did the league fail through the suez canal?

Answer 65

britain’s and france could’ve closed canal as it shortened route to abyssinia if open
stop mussolini. icing trooos and supplies but didn’t want to upset hike
worried that mussolini and hitler would unite

Question 66

how did the league fail through the hoare-laval pact?

Answer 66

britain’s and france’s pact when they met in dec 1935
abyssinia was going to be half it’s size and italy would get fertile areas
however the land wasn’t theirs to give, this pact went public and they were forced to resign
priced britain and france were willing to undermine the league

Question 67

how did the league fail through trade sanctions?

Answer 67

league banned selling arms to abyssinia as well as to italy

abyssinia was left with nothing to defend itself whereas mussolini had a modern army

Question 68

what happened after the abyssinian crisis?

Answer 68

in may 1936, italy left the league
left britain and france and ussr to run the league but britain and france showed self interest in protected their own welfare
small countries knew that the league wouldn’t protect them

Question 69

why did the league of nations fail?(overview)

Answer 69

no army
ambitious plans and idea
only met once a year, council could veto proposals and decision had to be unanimous which meant it was slow
structure was complex and nit enough people to cary out decisions made
america couldn’t join and other powerful countries such as germany and ussr could join
trade sanctions didn’t work because countries could still trade places such as usa
powerful countries weren’t scared of moral condemnation p so sanctions were useless
great depression meant countries only became concerned about themselves
it also meant that people turned to extremist parties eg nazi and mussolini
league slow to act in manchurian and abyssinian cris
britain and france too worried about keeping mussolini as an ally against hitler to stop abyssinian invasion