Learning Week 7 Cognitive-Social Theory

Question 1

learning Theory that incorporates concepts of conditioning but adds two new features:
a focus on cognition
and
a focus on social learning.

Answer 1

Cognitive - Social Theory

Question 2

humans and other animals are always developing
mental images of, and expectations about, the environment, and these cognitions:

Answer 2

influence their behaviour.

Question 3

mental representations or images

Answer 3

cognitive maps —

Question 4

Tolman called learning that has occurred but is not currently manifest in behaviour:

Answer 4

latent learning

(ie. even though they had received no reinforcement. Once the rats were reinforced, their learning became observable.)

Question 5

Cognitive–social theory proposes that an individual’s ———-expectations, or expectancies, about the consequences
of a behaviour are what render the behaviour more or less likely to occur.

Answer 5

expectations, or expectancies

Question 5

expectancies that influence a broad spectrum of
behaviour.

Answer 5

generalised expectancies —

Question 5

refer to the generalised expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behaviour can bring about the outcomes they seek

Answer 5

locus of control of reinforcement (or simply locus of control)

Question 6

Individuals with an —— —— – ——– believe they are the masters of their own fate

Answer 6

internal locus of control

Question 7

People with an —- —— – ——- believe their lives are determined by forces outside themselves.

Answer 7

external locus of control

Question 8

the expectancy that one cannot escape aversive events and the motivational and learning deficits that result
from this belief.

Answer 8

Learned helplessness

Question 9

the way people make
sense of bad events

Answer 9

explanatory style—

Question 10

Individuals with a ——- explanatory style blame themselves for the bad things
that happen to them. In the language of helplessness theory, pessimists believe the causes of their misfortune
are internal rather than external, leading to lowered self-esteem.

Answer 10

depressive or pessimistic

Question 11

pessimists believe the causes of their misfortune
are internal rather than external, leading to lowered self-esteem. They also tend to see things as ——- and ——-

Answer 11

stable, (unlikely to change)
global (broad, general and widespread in their impact). When a person with a pessimistic style does poorly on a biology exam, he may blame it on his own stupidity—an explanation that is internal, stable and global.

Question 12

the belief that you can cultivate positive thinking by consciously challenging any negative self-talk is an example of

Answer 12

Learned Optimism

Question 13

People’s ——— about what they can and cannot accomplish, about societal barriers to their goals (e.g., prejudice) and so forth — influence all aspects of their lives, from how hard they work to whether they feel hopeful or depressed

Answer 13

expectancies

Question 14

intermittent reinforcement is more effective than continuous reinforcement because of the ,

Answer 14

expectations

Question 15

Theory that proposes that individuals learn many things from the people around them, with or without reinforcement, through social learning mechanisms other than classical and operant conditioning.

Answer 15

Cognitive–social theory

Question 16

learning by observing the behaviour of
others

Answer 16

observational learning

Question 17

the lesson intended in observational learning is not always the lesson —— .

Answer 17

learned

Question 18

Observational learning in which a person learns to
reproduce behaviour exhibited by a subject is called

Answer 18

modelling

Question 19

Whether an individual actually performs modelled behaviour also depends on the behaviour’s likely
outcome. This outcome expectancy is, itself, often learned through an observational learning mechanism
known as

Answer 19

vicarious conditioning.

Question 20

, a person learns the consequences of an
action by observing its consequences for someone else.

Answer 20

vicarious conditioning

Question 21

teaching concepts or procedures primarily through
verbal explanation or instruction.

Answer 21

direct tutelage (tutor)

Question 22

——- occurs when people learn through direct instruction.

Answer 22

Tutelage

Question 23

operant conditioning is akin to a continuation of —— ——–. Just as nature selects organisms whose characteristics
are adaptive to their environment, the environment selects responses by organisms that have ——– consequences.

Answer 23

natural selection

adaptive

Question 24

Skinner
and others who called themselves radical behaviourists argued that the best way to keep psychology
scientific is to focus on what can be —- ——-

Answer 24

directly observed (behaviours and environmental events.)

Question 25

Psychologists now speak more freely of thoughts,
emotions,motives, goals and stresses that interact to produce —— ——-

Answer 25

behavioural outcomes

Question 26

Today, many psychologists disagree with Skinner’s belief that scientific explanation is incompatible with
mentalistic explanation, particularly now that we can ——— ——- ——- as people look at objects,
recall past experiences or solve mathematical problems.

Answer 26

watch the brain in action, use diagnostic tools to see brain activity