lec 2

Question 1

Libman–Sacks endocarditis Is a form of

Answer 1

Nonbacterialendocarditis

Question 2

Libman–Sacks endocarditis is seen in association with

Answer 2

systemic lupus erythematosus.

Question 3

Libman–Sacks endocarditis mostly involves

Answer 3

themitraland aortic valves

Question 4

Libman–Sacks endocarditis vegetations

Answer 4

small and formed from strands of fibrin, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and histiocytes.

Question 5

Libman–Sacks endocarditis Libman–Sacks endocarditis read only

Answer 5

rarely produce significant valve dysfunction and the lesions
only rarely embolize. However, the mitral valve is typically affected, and the
vegetations occur on the ventricular and atrial surface of the valve. The most
common being pericarditis - inflammation of the fibrous sac surrounding the
heart)

Question 6

Rheumatic fever D.f

Answer 6

Aninflammatory systemic diseasethat can involve theheart, joints,skin, CNS, andbrain.

Question 7

Rheumatic fever is caused by

Answer 7

Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) group a 
beta hemolytic

Question 8

)

Rheumatic fever

Answer 8

cross-reactivity. between M protein and Myosin

Question 9

Rheumatic fever - Symptoms include

Answer 9

joint pain and swelling (arthritis) and inflammation of the heart, which can causeshortness of breath andchest pain.

Question 10

Bacteremia Comes from

Answer 10

Intravenous Catheter

Question 11

The organisms involved in Intravenous Catheter Bacteremia are

Answer 11

those found in the skin flora, such as:
S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium jeikeium, or S. aureus
Candida species

Question 12

read

Answer 12

the sources of contamination are the intravenous solutions
themselves rather than the skin. In these cases, members of the
Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, or other Gram-negative rods are more
likely

Question 13

The most common sources of bacteremia are

Answer 13

1. UTIs
2. RTIs
3. infections of skin or soft tissues, such as wound infections or
   cellulites.

Question 14

BACTEREMIA FROM EXTRAVASCULAR INFECTION

meaning

Answer 14

the organisms escaping from the infected focus reach

the capillary and venous circulation through the lymphatic vessels

Question 15

BACTEREMIA FROM EXTRAVASCULAR INFECTION example

Answer 15

Any organism producing meningitis

Infections with H. influenzae type b

Question 16

Causes of Bacteraemia

Answer 16

Group B streptococcus , Streptococcus pneumoniae
Escherichia coli (and other enteric Gram negative bacilli)
Listeria monocytogenes
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Neisseria meningitides
Salmonella spp
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, 
Pseudomonas,  E. coli, 
herpes, Clostridium difficile

Question 17

Bacteremia

Answer 17

Presence of organisms not permanent.

• Organisms not multiplying.
• Patient asymptomatic

Both Gram- negative and Gram-positive organisms , as well as
fungi, protozoa, and even some viruses.

Question 18

Septicaemia

Answer 18

is a potentially life-threatening infection in which

large amounts of multiplying bacteria are present in the blood. Patient acutely symptomatic.

Question 19

Sepsis
Septic shock
Refractory septic shock

Answer 19

slide 24

Question 20

Sepsis

Answer 20

is the suspicion (or proof) of infection and evidence of a

systemic response to it (eg, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, or hypothermia

Question 21

Septic shock

Answer 21

is subsequent progression if sepsis remains uncontrolled, development of hypotension

Question 22

Refractory septic shock

Answer 22

hypotension not responsive to standard fluid and pharmacologic treatment) and multiorgan failure, including major target organs

Question 23

Septicemia is Caused by

Answer 23

Staphylococci, are thought to cause more than 50%
of cases of sepsis. Other bacteria include
Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species and
even Candida spp .

Question 24

to reduce contamination of the blood sample with skin bacteriaالمطهر يلي منستخدمه

Answer 24

combination of 70% alcohol and an iodine-based antiseptic).

Question 25

anticoagulants

Answer 25

Sodium polyanethol sulfonate
citrate
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)

Question 26

ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) have

Answer 26

antibacterial activity.

anticoagulants

Question 27

Volume of Blood Younger than 10 years

Answer 27

1 mL of blood for each year of life

Question 28

Volume of Blood 10 years or older ……

Answer 28

20 mL

Question 29

accurate testing intravascular infection

Answer 29

a single blood culture is positive in more than 95% of cases.

Question 30

read

Answer 30

Studies of sequential blood cultures from bacteremic patients without
endocarditis have yielded 80 to 90% positive results on the first culture, more
than 90 to 95% with two cultures, and 99% in at least one of a series of three
cultures.
- 2-3 sets with 30 to 60 minutes in between draws