Lec Quality And Health3 Air Flashcards
Air pollution
Introducing of any materials or element to the air that affects the health of well-being or human , biological resources and different ecosystem 
Classification of air pollutant
 divided into two categories
Primary pollutant
Secondary pollutant 
Primary pollutant directly from the stores to the atmosphere, such as dust, sulphur Dioxide carbon monoxide
Secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere by chemical interaction and primary pollutant and normal atmosphere constituent ozone, peroxyacatyl nitrate 
The measure important air pollutant 
Sit criteria to pollutant 
Second regulatory category is
It include 
 the major, important air pollutant in USA
The major important air pollutant  in KSA
Six criteria air pollutant
Particular matter
ozone
carbon monoxide 
Sulphur, dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Lead 
Second regulatory category is hazardous, air pollutant
 This category has established by clean air act amendment at 1990 include
Volatile organic, chemical
Herbicide
Pesticide
Radionuclide
In USA clean air act of 1970 established by NAAQS to address six criteria
In KSA AAQS was established water and agriculture in 2020 has regulated six primary air pollutant 
Respiratory system
Pollutant into the body 
Person at rest breathe
- Part of respiratory system 
Lung serves as
Pollutant enters the body via inhalation, through respiratory system
Person at rest, breathe 12 or 15 times a minute 
Naso dop pharnygeal
Tracheo bronchial
Pulmonary alveolar
Portal of entry
Highly permeable and lots of blood flow
Pulmonary, alveolar surface area 75m
Natural protection mechanism
Naso pharyngeal
 Tracheo pronchial
Pulmonary alveolar
Naso pharyngeal
Nose hair - cough . Sneeze
Tracheo bronchial
Mucociliry Escalator
Bronchial construction
Pulmonary alveolar
Macrophages
No cilia in alveoli
Particles matter
Sauce of particulate matter
-fine particles
-coarse particulars
Health effects of pm
- according to WHO air pollution causes approximately 8000.000
-particles >10 mostly deposited
-pm <2.5 fine particles produced
-when exposed to pm people with heart or lung disease
- pm can aggravate existing respiratory disease
Soiled or liquid particles suspended in the air 
Fine particles (include all type of combustion(motor vehicles ,wood and coal burning ) and some industrial processes )
Coarse particles include crunching and grinding operation and dust from paved and unpaved roads
Health effect
ACCORDING TO WHO (PM air pollution causes approximately 800.000 premature death each year that make it 13th leading causes to mortality in the
world
Particles >10 deposited in Naso phangeal region
Pm < 2.5 fine particles produced a serious health effect in alveolar gas exchange region
When exposed to PM people with heart and lung disease are increasingly at risk of premature death or admission to hospital or emergency room
PM aggravate existing respiratory disease, such as Asthma, or Chronic bronchitis causing more use of medication and more doctor visitis
Carbon monoxide
Characteristics and sources
Carbon monoxide is
Motor vehicles contributes the majority of
Carbon monoxide tend to be higher
Health effect of carbon monoxide
—when co is in held in bind to haemoglobin and
—-the brain and heart are sensitive to low oxygen condition and are especially
——the persons with cardiovascular and respiratory disease are 
Carbon monoxide are colourless oldorless tasteless (the silent killer)
Motor vehicle, contribute the majority of carbon monoxide in outdoor air 
Carbon monoxide tend to be higher in area with high traffic density and during time of high traffic, volume 
Health effected
When carbon monoxide is inhaled its bind with haemoglobin form carboxyhaemoglobin, which reduce the transport of oxygen to tissue 
Brain and heart are sensitive to low oxygen condition and are especially vulnerable to the effect of carboxy haemoglobin on oxygen transport and delivering to tissue 
Person with a cardiovascular and respiratory disease is sceptical to carbon monoxide 
Ozone (o3)
Form
Health Effect of ozone
Colourless, gas and photochemical oxidants
Formed through complex, chemical reaction and involve of vocs and nox in the presence of sunlight
Health effect of ozone
- coughing and throat irritation
Uncomfortable sensation in the chest
-reduction in lung function
-
Ozone aggravate asthma
Ozone can increase susceptibility of respiratory infuction
nitrogen oxide
Formation
Source of nitrogen oxide include
Natural sources
Health effect of nitrogen oxide
Brolonged, exposure causes
Exposure to 10-30ppm of nitrogen dioxide causes
Wake up, finally reactive, gass container of oxygen and nitrogen such as nitrogen, dioxide and nitrogen oxide
Formation of
combustion fossil fuel
Source of nitrogen oxide
 car and truck engines
Industry
Kerosene heating(indoor)
Tobacco smoke (indoor)
Natural sources
We nitrogen oxide enter troposphere from stratosphere 
Prolonged exposure, accuses
Pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema and higher lower respiratory tract, illness in children
Exposure to 10-30 Ppm  of nitrogen dioxide causes
Nose and eye irritation
Bronchitis
Lung tissue damage
Aggravate her disease
Sulphur dioxide
Major sources include
Health effects of sulphur dioxide
Short-term
Long-term
Colourless reactive gases
Produced during burning of Sulphur
Contain fuel such as coal and oil during the metal smelting and Other Industrial prices
Major sources
Power, planet
Industry, boilers
Diesel truck 
Health effect
Short term intermittent exposure
Bronchoconstriction
Nose eye throat irritation
Mucus secretion
Long term exposure
Respiratory illness
Aggravate existing heart disease
Lead (pb)
Source
Health effect
Burning the fuel that contain lead
Metal processing
Waste incineration
Lead, smelter
lead paint
Health effect
Lead can be harmful, even at low dose, because it accumulate in the body, mostly in the bone, which continue to function as an internal source of exposure
Exposure to lead, can be damage, nervous system and kidney
