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CPH > [LEC] UNIT 5: NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES > Flashcards

[LEC] UNIT 5: NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

NCDs are also known as c_ diseases

A

chronic diseases

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2
Q

T/F:

NCDs are of short duration and fast progression

A

False

long duration and slow progression

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3
Q

Enumerate:

NCDs result from combinations of these 4 factors

A
  • genetic
  • physiological
  • environmental
  • behavior
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4
Q

T/F:

NCDs are of contagious origin

A

False

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5
Q

T/F:

NCDs are incurable

A

True

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6
Q

A characteristic, condition, or behaviour that increases the likelihood of getting a disease or injury

A

risk factors

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7
Q

Risk factors can either be m_ or n_

A

modifiable, nonmodifiable

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8
Q

_ of NCDs can be difficult due to lag time between exposure for a health condition

A

Surveillance

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9
Q

Enumerate:

Surveillance of NCDs can be difficult because of the ff:

A
  • Lag time between exposure for a health condition
  • More than one exposure for a health condition
  • Exposure link to more than one health condition
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10
Q

Risk Factor Surveillance can.. (3)

A
  • change people’s behavior
  • reduce risk
  • reduce burden of disease
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11
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled

A

Non-modifiable risk factors

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12
Q

Modifiable risk factors are behavioral risk factors than can be r_ or c_ by intervention

A

reduced or controlled

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13
Q

Enumerate:

4 non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • family history (genetics)
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14
Q

Enumerate:

4 modifiable risk factors:

A
  • physical inactivity
  • tobacco use
  • alcohol use
  • unhealthy diet
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15
Q

modifiable or nonmodifiable?

age

A

nonmodifiable

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16
Q

modifiable or nonmodifiable?

unhealthy diet

A

modifiable

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17
Q

modifiable or nonmodifiable?

tobacco use

A

modifiable

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18
Q

T/F:

secondhand smoking can cause lung cancer

A

True

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19
Q

These diseases are caused by WHAT RISK FACTOR?

  • Cancer
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Diseases of the lungs
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Stroke
  • Fetal complication
A

tobacco use

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20
Q

Examples of energy dense and nutrient-poor foods (3)

A
  • starches
  • refined sugars
  • trans-fats
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21
Q

T/F:

Unhealthy diet can cause diseases of the liver and gallbladder

A

True

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22
Q

Enumerate:

Social & economic changes that contribute to physical inactivity: (3)

A
  • aging populations
  • transportation
  • communication technology
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23
Q

What are the top 2 major NCDs that are attributable to physical inactivity?

A
  • breast cancer
  • colon cancer

both at 10%

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24
Q

11.5% of all drinkers are _ , heavy drinkers

A

episodic

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25
Q

The majority of adults consume alcohol at _-risk levels

A

low-risk

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26
Q

HEAVY OR BINGE DRINKING?

A male drinks 3 glasses on average

A

Heavy

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27
Q

HEAVY OR BINGE DRINKING?

A female drinks 5 glasses on a single occasion

A

Binge

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28
Q

_ refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning

A

metabolic

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29
Q

Enumerate:

4 metabolic risk factors:

A
  • Raised blood pressure
  • Raised total cholesterol
  • Elevated glucose
  • Overweight and Obesity
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30
Q

What NCD is the lead cause of **global mortality ** in 2016?

A

cardiovascular diseases

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31
Q

mortality rates:

Give the top 3 leading NCDs in the PH (in order)

A
  1. cardiovascular diseases
  2. neoplasms
  3. diabetes & CKD
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32
Q

Group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular diseases

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33
Q

The number 1 cause of death globally

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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34
Q

Enumerate:

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases:

A
  • Heart attack
  • Arrhythmia
  • Heart failure
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35
Q

Identify:

disease of the blood
vessels supplying the heart muscle

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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36
Q

Identify:

disease of the blood
vessels supplying the brain

A

Cerebrovascular disease

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37
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease is a disease of blood vessels supplying the _ and _

A

arms and legs

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38
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease is caused by what bacteria?

A

streptococcal bacteria

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39
Q

Identify:

malformations of heart
structure existing at birth

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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40
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: blood clots in the _ veins, which can dislodge and move to the _ and _

A

leg veins,
can move to heart and lungs

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41
Q

Identify:

damage to the heart
muscle and heart valves

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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42
Q

Enumerate:

Novel Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases (3)

A
  • Excess homocysteine in blood
  • Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein)
  • Abnormal blood coagulation (elevated blood levels of fibrinogen)
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43
Q

In abnormal blood coagulation, there are elevated blood levels of _

A

fibrinogen

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44
Q

MODIFIABLE OR NONMODIFIABLE?

Lipoprotein

A

modifiable

It is under “other modifiable risk factors” for CVDs

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45
Q

MODIFIABLE OR NONMODIFIABLE?

Psychosocial stress

A

modifiable

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46
Q

MODIFIABLE OR NONMODIFIABLE?

Race

A

nonmodifiable

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47
Q

Diabetes mellitus is

a chronic disease that occurs either when the _ does not produce enough insulin or when
the body cannot effectively use the insulit it produces, leading to _

A

pancreas, hyperglycemia

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48
Q

Diabetes mellitus

May lead to serious damage to many of the body’s
systems, especially the _ and _

A

nerves, blood vessels

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49
Q

Enumerate:

Consequences of diabetes mellitus (5)

A
  • stroke
  • blindness
  • heart attack
  • kidney failure
  • amputation
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50
Q

Type 1 DM is also known as insulin-dependent or j_

A

juvenile

51
Q

T/F:

T2 Diabetes is also called non-insulin-dependent

A

True

52
Q

A temporary condition that occurs in pregnancy and carries long-term risk of type 2 diabetes

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

53
Q

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational?

Characterized by deficient insulin production

A

Type 1

54
Q

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational?

Result of excess body weight and physical inactivity

A

Type 2

55
Q

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational?

Also known as childhood-onset diabetes

A

Type 1

56
Q

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational?

This occurs in pregnancy

A

gestational

57
Q

T/F:

Type 1 DM is preventable

A

False

Not preventable

58
Q

Type 1, Type 2, Gestational?

Due to the body’s ineffective use of insulin

A

Type 2

59
Q

Gestational DM

is diagnosed through _ _, rather than through reported symptoms

A

prenatal screening

60
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Diabetes:

Excessive thirst is also known as..

A

polydipsia

61
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Diabetes:

Extreme hunger is also known as..

A

Polyphagia

62
Q

Type 1 or Type 2:

Weight gain

A

Type 2

63
Q

Presence of autoantibodies is a risk factor for what NCD?

A

diabetes mellitus

64
Q

Cancer is also known as m_ tumors and _

A

malignant tumors and neoplasms

65
Q

What NCD is this a modifiable risk factor of?

Low consumption of fiber

A

Diabetes Mellitus

66
Q

Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into _ cells in a _ process that generally
progresses from a precancerous _ to a malignant _

A

tumor; multistage; lesion; tumor

67
Q

A generic term for a large group of diseases due to the rapid creation of abnormal cells

A

cancer

68
Q

Enumerate:

Causes of Cancer (3)

_ carcinogen

A
  • chemical carcinogen
  • physical carcinogen
  • biological carcinogen
69
Q

Enumerate:

Risk Factors for Cancer (3)

A
  • biomedical
  • lifestyle
  • environmental
70
Q

Biomedical/Lifestyle/Environmental?

Hormonal Factors in Females

A

Biomedical

71
Q

Biomedical/Lifestyle/Environmental?

Physical Inactivity

A

Lifestyle

72
Q

Biomedical/Lifestyle/Environmental?

Chronic Infections

A

Lifestyle

source: trust me bro. jk. p6

73
Q

Biomedical/Lifestyle/Environmental?

Radiation

A

Environmental

74
Q

Biomedical/Lifestyle/Environmental?

Occupational Exposure

A

Environmental

75
Q

This lifestyle factor

can cause cancers of the cervix & liver

A

chronic infections

76
Q

This lifestyle factor

can cause cancers of the
* bowel
* breast
* prostate

A

Diet

77
Q

This environmental factor

can cause
* mesothelioma
* cancer of the nasal cavity

A

Occupational exposure

78
Q

What environmental factor can cause melanoma of the skin?

A

sunlight

79
Q

What oncovirus

causes cervical cancer?

A

Human Papillomavirus

80
Q

What oncovirus

causes hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hepatitis B and C Virus

81
Q

What oncovirus

causes Burkitt’s lymphoma?

and nasopharyngeal cancer

A

Epstein-barr Virus

82
Q

What cancer

is caused by Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-1?

A

T-Cell Leukemia

83
Q

What cancer

is caused by HIV?

A
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma
84
Q

What organization gave cancer prevention recommendations?

clue: AICR

A

American Institute for Cancer Research

85
Q

T/F:

One must use supplements for cancer prevention

A

False

86
Q

To prevent cancer, one must..

eat a diet rich in: (4)

A
  • whole grains
  • vegetables
  • fruits
  • beans
87
Q

To prevent cancer, one must..

limit consumption of processed foods high in: (3)

A
  • fat
  • starches
  • sugars
88
Q

In order:

3 steps of Early Diagnosis

A
  1. Awareness and Accessing Care
  2. Clinical Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Staging
  3. Access to Treatment
89
Q

This method is a naked-eye examination of the ** uterine cervix** after application of acetic acid and interpreting the result after one minute.

source: DOH PH

A

Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIAA)

used to screen cervical cancer

90
Q

Give the 3 tests for cervical cancer (screening)

A
  • Visual Inspection with Acetid Acid
  • HPV Testing
  • PAP Cytology
91
Q

Used to screen for cervical cancer in middle- and high-income settings

A

PAP cytology

also called Pap Smear OR cervical cytology

92
Q

Used to screen for cervical cancer in low-income settings

A

Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid

93
Q

What screening is done for breast cancer?

A

mammography screening

94
Q

Diseases of the airways and other structures of the lung

A

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

95
Q

Enumerate

(4) Examples of Chronic Respiratory Diseases:

A
  • Asthma
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Occupational Lung Disease
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
96
Q

what is the most common noncommunicable disease among
children?

A

asthma

97
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Various forms of treatment that can help in chronic resp. diseases:
* _ major air passages
* Improve _ of breath
* _ symptoms
* _ quality of life for people with the disease

A
  • dilate
  • shortness
  • control
  • increase
98
Q

Asthma causes s_ breathing difficulties

A

sporadic

99
Q

Fill in the blanks: ASTHMA

The _ of the _ tubes swell, causing
the airways to _ and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs

A

lining; bronchial; narrow

100
Q

Characterized by a persistent reduction of airflow

A

COPD

101
Q

COPD stands for?

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

102
Q

other name for small airway disease

A

obstructive bronchiolitis

103
Q

other name for parenchymal destruction

A

emphysema

104
Q

Give examples of

occupational dusts and chemicals (3)

A
  • vapors
  • irritants
  • fumes
105
Q

Frequent Lower Respiratory Infections (LRI) during childhood can cause what NCD?

A

COPD

106
Q

A combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions,
emotions, behavior, and relationships with others

A

mental disorders

107
Q

Enumerate

(5) mental disorders discussed

A
  • depression
  • bipolar disorder
  • schizophrenia
  • dementia
  • developmental disorders
108
Q

This mental disorder:

is the leading cause of disability around the world

A

depression

109
Q

This mental disorder:

causes unusual shifts in mood

A

bipolar disorder

110
Q

This mental disorder:

is characterized by distortions in thinking and perception

A

schizophrenia

111
Q

This mental disorder:

is progressive and causes a deterioration in cognitive function

A

dementia

112
Q

This mental disorder:

includes autism

A

developmental disorders

113
Q

Depression is caused by complex interactions between (3) factors:

A
  • social
  • psychological
  • biological
114
Q

prevalence in SEA:

What country has the highest cases of depressive and anxiety disorders?

A

India

more than 56 million cases (depression) & 38 million (anxiety)

115
Q

How many episodes does bipolar disorder have?

A

2

116
Q

2 episodes of bipolar disorder:

A
  • manic episode
  • depressive episode
117
Q

T/F:

schizophrenia begins in childhood

A

False

It begins in late adolescence or early adulthood

118
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Positive or Negative?

Delusions

A

Positive

119
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Positive or Negative?

Disorganized speech

A

Positive

120
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Positive or Negative?

reduced speech

A

negative

121
Q

Enumerate:

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (3):

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized speech
122
Q

Enumerate:

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: (3)

A
  • flattened effect
  • reduced speech
  • lack of initiative
123
Q

This mental disorder:

is caused by a variety of diseases and injuries that affect the brain

A

dementia

124
Q

Fill in the blanks: developmental disorders:

An umbrella term covering i_ d_ an p_ d_ disorders

A
  • intellectual disability
  • pervasive developmental disorders

CPH (6 decks)

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