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CPH > [LEC] UNIT 7: AIR POLLUTION > Flashcards

[LEC] UNIT 7: AIR POLLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

P____ is the only mechanism that can account for the O2 abundance in the atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Majority of the oxygen comes from?

A

Ocean

Green algae

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3
Q

Regions of the atmosphere (highest to lowest, 5)

A

Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere

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4
Q

Presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects

A

Air pollution

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5
Q

Air pollution is any alteration of the p_, c_, and b____ properties of the atmospheric air

A

physical, chemical, biological

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6
Q

Air pollutants are any matter found in the atmosphere other than? (5)

A

Oxygen
Nitrogen
Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Inert gasses

In their natural or normal concentrations

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7
Q

Air pollutants, according to the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, include? (11)

A

Smoke
Dust
Soot
Cinders
Fly ash
Solid particles of any kind
Gasses
Fumes
Chemical mists
Steam
Radioactive substances

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8
Q

True or False

9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air

A

True

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9
Q

Who is most impacted by air pollution? (3)

A

Children
Women
Outdoor workers

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10
Q

Air pollution

Leading cause of death in children under five years of age

A

Pneumonia

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11
Q

Top 5 causes of deaths linked to outdoor and household air pollution (largest to smallest)

A

1 - Ischaemic heart disease
2 - Pneumonia
3 - Stroke
4 - COPD
5 - Lung cancer

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12
Q

Top 5 causes of deaths of children under 5 (largest to smallest)

A

1 - Respiratory infections (ie pneumonia)
2 - Diarrhoea
3 - Neonatal conditions (ie prematurity)
4 - Unintentional injuries (ie burns, drowning)
5 - Malaria

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13
Q

Reducing environmental risks could prevent how much deaths of children under 5?

a. half
b. quarter
c. third
d. all

A

b. quarter

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14
Q

True or False

Exposure to air pollutants is continuous

A

True

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15
Q

Air pollution

The most common chronic illness in children

A

Asthma

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16
Q

Sources of air pollution (6)

According to WHO

A

Rural: Dust, Agricultural practices, Household energy
Urban: Industry and energy supply, Transport, Waste management

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17
Q

Major sources of air pollution (4)

A

Inefficient modes of transport
Household fuel and waste burning
Coal-fired power plants
Industrial activities

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18
Q

A____ refers to man-made sources of pollution

A

Anthropogenic

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19
Q

True or False

Natural emissions of air pollutants exceed human-produced emissions

A

True

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20
Q

Natural or Anthropogenic

Forest Fires

A

Natural

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21
Q

Stationary sources of air pollution (3)

A

Point
Fugitive
Area

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22
Q

Major air pollutants

Emitted directly into air

A

Primary pollutants

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23
Q

Primary or Secondary pollutants

Particulates
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Gen oxides

A

Primary pollutants

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24
Q

Major air pollutants

Product of reactions between primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds

A

Secondary pollutants

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25
Q

One example of secondary pollutants

A

Tropospheric ozone

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26
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Ubiquitous

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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27
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Emitted from many large diverse sources, including mobile and stationary sources

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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28
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Not very toxic

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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29
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Omnipresent

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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30
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Toxic and carcinogenic

A

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

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31
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Limited sources, industry specific

A

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

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32
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Pose the greatest overall threat to human health

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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33
Q

CAPs or HAPs

With specific limits set

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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34
Q

CAPs or HAPs

Responsible for most of our air pollution problems

A

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

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35
Q

Examples of Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) (4)

A

Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP and PM10)
Sulfure Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Photochemical Oxidants (Ozone)

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36
Q

Examples of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) (4)

A

Benzene
Formaldehyde
Cadmium
Vinyl chloride

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37
Q

Hazardous Air Pollutant associated with aplastic anemia

A

Benzene

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38
Q

O____ air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting everyone in developed and developing countries alike

A

Outdoor

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39
Q

True or False

Major sources of outdoor air pollution are well controlled by individuals

A

False

Well beyond the control of individuals

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40
Q

Major sources of outdoor air pollution demand concerted action by local, national, and regional level policy-makers working in what sectors? (5)

A

Transport
Energy
Waste management
Urban planning
Architecture

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41
Q

Air pollution

IARC stands for?

A

International Agency for Research on Cancer

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42
Q

An association has been observed between outdoor air pollution and in cancer of the?

A

Urinary tract/Bladder

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43
Q

Component of air pollution most closely associated with increased cancer incidence

A

Particulate matter

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44
Q

Air pollution

Particulate matter is most closely associated with increased what type of cancer?

A

Lung cancer

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45
Q

Said that outdoor air pollution is carcinogenic to humans

A

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

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46
Q

True or False

Outdoor air pollution is related to increased DALY and premature deaths

A

False

Decreased DALY

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47
Q

Top 3 outdoor air pollution-related premature deaths (largest to smallest)

A

1 - Ischaemic heart disease/Strokes
2 - COPD, Acute Lower Respiratory Infection
3 - Lung CA

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48
Q

Air quality index of the smog in China

A

250
Very Unhealthy

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49
Q

Air Quality Index

Air quality is considered satisfactory
Air pollution poses little or no risk

A

Good
(0-50)

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50
Q

Air Quality Index

Air quality is acceptable
Moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution

A

Moderate
(51-100)

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51
Q

Air Quality Index

Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects
General public is not likely to be affected

A

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
(101-150)

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52
Q

Air Quality Index

Everyone may begin to experience health effects
Members of sensitive groups experience more serious health effects

A

Unhealthy
(151-200)

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53
Q

Air Quality Index

Health Alert
Everyone may experience more serious health effects

A

Very Unhealthy
(201-300)

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54
Q

Air Quality Index

Health warnings of emergency conditions
The entire population is more likely to be affected

A

Hazardous
(> 300)

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55
Q

Air Quality Index

Good

A

0-50

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56
Q

Air Quality Index

Moderate

A

51-100

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57
Q

Air Quality Index

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

A

101-150

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58
Q

Air Quality Index

Unhealthy

A

151-200

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59
Q

Air Quality Index

Very Unhealthy

A

201-300

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60
Q

Air Quality Index

Hazardous

A

> 300

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61
Q

Routes of entry primarily affected by air pollution (5)

A

Respiratory
Circulatory
Olfactory
Oral
Dermal

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62
Q

Air pollutants (5)

A

Sulfure Dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Particulate Matter
Tropospheric Ozone (O3)

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63
Q

Air pollutants

Colorless gas with sharp odor

A

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

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64
Q

Air pollutants

Anthropogenic sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A

Burning of fossil fuels
Petroleum refining
Production of paper, cement aluminum
Burning of fuel containing sulfur

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65
Q

Air pollutants

Natural source of Sulfur Dioxide (1)

A

Volcanoes

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66
Q

Air pollutants

Guideline values for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A

20 μg/m^3 - 24-hour mean
500 μg/m^3 - 10-minute mean

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67
Q

Air pollutants

Health Impact of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

A

Alterations in the lung’s defenses
Aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease
Increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infections

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68
Q

Air pollutants

People most sensitive to Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) (5)

A

Asthmatics
Individuals with chronic lung disease
Individuals with cardiovascular disease
Children
Elderly

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69
Q

Air pollutants

A major contributor to acid rain
Main source of nitrate aerosols

A

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

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70
Q

True or False

The major sources of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) are natural

A

False

Anthropogenic

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71
Q

Air pollutants

Major sources of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) (3)

A

Fossil fuel burning
Motor vehicle exhaust
Unvented combustion processes

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72
Q

Air pollutants

The largest contributor of nitrogen emissions

A

Road transport (motor vehicles)

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73
Q

Air pollutants

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is destroyed in the s____ by p____

A

stratosphere, photolysis

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74
Q

Air pollutants

Guideline Values for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

A

40 μg/m^3 - annual mean
200 μg/m^3 - 1-hour mean

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75
Q

Air pollutants

Health impacts of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) at short-term, > 200 μg/m^3 concentrations

A

Significant inflammation of the airways

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76
Q

Air pollutants

Health impacts of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

A

Significant inflammation of the airways
Irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs
Increased susceptibility to viral infections
Structural changes in the cells of the respiratory system

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77
Q

Air pollutants

Colorless, odorless gas that is highly toxic to humans

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

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78
Q

Air pollutants

Air pollutant formed from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing products (incomplete combustion)

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

79
Q

Air pollutants

Carbon Monoxide (CO) also comes from the p____ conversion of atmospheric CH4 and other hydrocarbons

A

Photochemical

80
Q

True or False

In Carbon Monoxide (CO),:
10% - natural sources
90% - anthropogenic sources

A

False

10% - anthropogenic, 90% - natural

81
Q

Air pollutants

Binds reversibly to hemoglobin with an affinity 250 times that of oxygen

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

82
Q

Air pollutants

Treatment of Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning

A

Hyperbaric chamber

83
Q

Air pollutants

Health impacts of Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A

Impairs performance of tasks requiring vigilance
Results in low birth weight infants
Increased fetal deaths

84
Q

Air pollutants

Greatest concerns regarding the effects of carbon monoxide (CO) are those associated with exposure to CO in i____ air

A

indoor

85
Q

Air pollutants

Mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air

A

Particulate Matter (PM)

86
Q

Enumeration

Suspended Particulate Matter (6)

A

Dust
Fumes
Mist
Smoke, Soot, Ash

87
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Suspension of solid particles in the air

A

Dust

88
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Generated by grinding, drilling, rushing operations

A

Dust

89
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Volatilized solids that condense when in contact with air

A

Fumes

90
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Associated with molten metals, soldering

A

Fumes

91
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Dispersion of liquid particles in the air

A

Mist

92
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Associated with acids, chlorine, formaldehyde, phenols, electroplating

A

Mist

93
Q

Suspended Particulate Matter

Solid particles, mostly carbon, from combustion (3)

A

Smoke
Soot
Ash

94
Q

Air pollutants

Respirable particulates with diameters smaller than 10 μm

A

Particulate Matter 10 and 2.5

95
Q

Air pollutants

Consists mainly of organic material, silicates, and larger soot aggregates

A

Coarse Fraction (PM 10)

96
Q

Air pollutants

From combustion processes
Secondary particulates from chemical reactions in the atmosphere (i.e. acid condensates & sulfates)

A

Fine Fraction (PM 2.5)

97
Q

Air pollutants

Components of PM 2.5 (8)

A

Toxic inorganics (metals)
Sulfate
Nitrates
Ammonia
Sodium chloride
Black carbon
Mineral dust
Water

98
Q

Air pollutants

Guideline values for Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)

A

10 μg/m^3 - annual mean
25 μg/m^3 - 24-hour mean

99
Q

Air pollutants

Guideline values for Coarse Particulate Matter (PM 10)

A

20 μg/m^3 - annual mean
50 μg/m^3 - 24-hour mean

100
Q

Air pollutants

Health impacts of particulate matter

A

Bronchial irritation, inflammation
Increased reactivity
Respiratory infections
Exacerbations of bronchial asthma, COPD, and cardiovascular disease
Mortality due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases linked to PM 2.5 exposure

101
Q

Particulate Matter

Believed to pose the greatest health risks among particulate matters

A

Fine Particulate Matter or particulate matter ≤ 2.5 microns

102
Q

Air pollutants

Air pollutant predominantly formed by photochemical reactions

A

Tropospheric Ozone (O3)

103
Q

Air pollutants

Factors affecting the formation of ozone (3)

A

Topography
Temperature
Solar flux

104
Q

Air pollutants

Pattern developed during a temperature inversion

A

Inversion layer

105
Q

Air pollutants

Guideline value for Tropospheric Ozone (O3)

A

100 μg/m^3 - 8-hour mean

106
Q

Air pollutants

Health impact of Tropospheric Ozone (O3)

A

Decreased pulmonary function
Breathing problems, triggers asthma
Exacerbations of bronchial asthma
Inflames lining of the lungs
Can permanently scar lung tissue
Direct link between summertime hospital visits for respiratory problems and O3 pollution

107
Q

Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Toxicity

A____ particles increase production of?

A

Ambient; Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

108
Q

Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Toxicity

Highly reactive hydroxyl radical able to induce oxidative DNA damage

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

109
Q

Can affect heart rate, cardiac contractility, blood pressure, and progression of astherosclerosis when in the bloodstream

A

Reactive oxygen species and Pro-inflammatory cytokines

110
Q

Air pollutants

The pH drop in acid rain is mostly attributed to ____ and ____

A

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

111
Q

Air pollutants

The main source of natural acidity in acid rain

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

112
Q

Air pollutants

The London smog was caused by

A

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

113
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Effects of acid rain on animals

A

Alterations of pH in aquatic systems secondary to acid deposition

114
Q

Local effects of air pollution

What poisons aquatic life? (4)

A

Arsenic
Lead
Molybdenum
Mercury

115
Q

Local effects of air pollution

When air pollutants enter plant systems through the stomata

A

Primary

116
Q

Local effects of air pollution

When air pollutants enter plant systems through the root systems

A

Secondary

117
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Visible symptoms of acid rain on vegetation

A

Tissue collapse, Necrosis
Chlorosis
Flecking/Stippling
Early senescence of leaf drop
Alterations in shape of stem or leaves
Injury to the blooms of fruits

118
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Reduction in the number of chloroplasts

A

Chlorosis

119
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Spotty pattern of injury; one of the visible symptoms of acid rain on vegetation

A

Flecking/Stippling

120
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Subtle symptoms of acid rain on vegetation (3)

A

Reduced plant growth (leads to reduced yield)
Alterations in physiological and biochemical processes
Changes in the reproductive cycle

121
Q

Local effects of air pollution

What are the physiological and biochemical processes in vegetation altered by acid rain?

A

Net photosynthesis
Stomata response
Metabolic activity

122
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Effects of acid rain on forests at low doses

A

Forest ecosystems act as sinks for atmospheric pollutants and sometimes sources

123
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Atmospheric pollutants produced by forest ecosystems (4)

A

Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Ammonia (NH3)

124
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Effects of acid rain on forests at intermediate doses

A

Reduction in forest growth (SO2)
Change in forest species (O3)
Susceptibility to forest pests (O3)

125
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Effect of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) from acid rain on forests at intermediate doses

A

Reduction in forest growth

126
Q

Local effects of air pollution

Effect of Tropospheric Ozone (O3) from acid rain on forests at intermediate doses (2)

A

Change in forest species
Susceptibility to forest pests

127
Q

True or False

Acid rain directly kills trees

A

False

128
Q

Local effects of air pollution

CO2 reacts with moisture to form c ____ a ____ which converts limestone into bicarbonate (water-soluble)

A

carbonic acid

129
Q

Long-term effects of air pollution on the planet (2)

A

Global warming
Ozone depletion

130
Q

Air pollution

Global warming is caused by? (5)

A

Water vapor
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Ozone (O3)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

131
Q

Air pollution

The natural warming of the earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape into space, termed g ____ e ____

A

greenhouse effect

132
Q

Ozone Depletion

Highly stable compounds which have been used for over 50 years as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, foam blowing agents, cleaning agents, and fire suppressants.

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

133
Q

Air pollution

Who posulated that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) can modify the steady-state concentrations of stratospheric ozone?

A

Rowland and Molina (1975)

134
Q

Air pollution

Chlorofluorocarbons can modify the steady-state concentrations of ____ ozone

a.) tropospheric
b.) stratospheric
c.) mesospheric
d.) thermospheric
e.) exospheric

A

b.) stratospheric

135
Q

Air pollution

Protocol to phase out production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere

A

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

lol

136
Q

Air pollution

Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which damages Earth’s protective stratospheric ozone layer

A

Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11)

137
Q

Air pollution

2 steps of ozone depletion

A

1 - Photolysis of CFCs in the stratosphere
2 - Catalytic destruction of ozone

138
Q

Air pollution

Contributes 70% of the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

139
Q

Contributes 24% of the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Methane

140
Q

Contributes 6% of the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Nitrous oxide

141
Q

True or False

Anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere are only small

A

True

142
Q

Caused a 40% increase in the concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

Industrial Revolution (1750)

143
Q

Ice bubbles in an i ____ c ____ could be used to provide data about the atmosphere in the past

A

ice core

144
Q

Air pollutants

Vapor-phase atmospheric organics excluding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

A

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

145
Q

Air pollutants

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) include: 2

A

Pure hydrocarbons containing only C and H
Species that contain oxygen and chlorine

146
Q

Air pollutants

Most abundant VOC in the atmosphere

A

Methane (CH4)

147
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Natural sources of methane (CO4) (3)

A

Wetlands (tropical and subtropical)
Domestic ruminants
Marshes

148
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Other minor sources of methane (CO4) (4)

A

Biomass burning
Coal mines
Landfills
Sewage disposal

149
Q

Air pollutants

Warming efficiency is up to 30 times that of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

More efficient trapping radiation than CO2

A

Methane (CH4)

150
Q

Air pollutants

Methane is removed from the atmosphere by reaction with h ____ r ____

A

hydroxyl radical

151
Q

Air pollution

Indoor pollutants from soil and groundwater (2)

A

Radon
Radioactive progeny

152
Q

Air pollution

Indoor pollutants from building materials and furnishings (4)

A

Formaldehyde
Asbestos
Vinyl chloride
Organic fumes

FAVO-rite

153
Q

Air pollution

Indoor pollutants from personal activities and hobbies (3)

A

Cigarette smoking
Fireplace smoke
Solvent and glue fumes

154
Q

Air pollution

Indoor pollutants caused by appliances, cooking, and heating (4)

A

Carbon monoxide
Natural gas
Cooking odors
Boiler and heater fumes

Cook N Clean BeH

155
Q

True or False

Biofuels play a larger role in cooking and heating in developed countries than in developing countries

A

False

They play a larger role in developing countries

156
Q

Top 5 causes of death due to household air pollution (largest to smallest)

A

1 - Ischaemic heart disease, Pneumonia
2 - COPD
3 - Stroke
4 - Lung cancer

157
Q

Indoor aeroallergens and aeropathogens

Bacteria (7)

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Legionella
Escherichia coli
Salmonela spp.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacter tuberculosis
Klebsiella pneumoniae

158
Q

Indoor aeroallergens and aeropathogens

Yeast (2)

A

Candida albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

159
Q

Indoor aeroallergens and aeropathogens

Fungi (3)

A

Aspergillus niger
Penicillium funiculosum
Trichophyton spp.

160
Q

Indoor aeroallergens and aeropathogens

Cat, Dog, Hamster

A

Dander

161
Q

Indoor Air Pollution

Indoor aeroallergens and aeropathogens (7)

A

Bacteria
Yeast
Viruses
Fungi
Amoeba
Arthropods
Dander

162
Q

Monitoring air pollutants in the Philippines

DENR stands for

A

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

163
Q

Monitoring air pollutants in the Philippines

Operates a network of air quality monitoring stations in 15 regions
Established 51 Particulate Matter (PM 10/2.5) Real-Time Air Quality Monitoring Stations

A

DENR

164
Q

Monitoring air pollutants in the Philippines

PNRI stands for

A

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

165
Q

Monitoring air pollutants in the Philippines

Monitors PM 10 and 2.5 using the Gent sampler at three sites in Metro Manila

A

PNRI

166
Q

Monitoring air pollutants in the Philippines

Monitors PM 2.5 using air samplers at New Year’s Eve since 2003 in Metro Manila

A

Manila Observatory

167
Q

Majority of air quality monitoring in the Philippines still focus on T ____ S ____ P ____ instead of particular particulates or substances

A

Total Suspended Particles

168
Q

Challenges in Air Quality Monitoring in the Philippines

Daily average of required minimum TSP sampling

A

16 hours per day

169
Q

Challenges in Air Quality Monitoring in the Philippines

Annual average of required minimum TSP sampling

A

48 days per year

170
Q

Challenges in Air Quality Monitoring in the Philippines (4)

A

Intermittent monitoring
Limited equipment available
Partial compliance with the minimum TSP sampling
Inadequate financing of agencies

171
Q

True or False

Air pollution is indirectly correlated with urbanization and industrialization

A

False

Directly

172
Q

Addressing all risk factors for n ____ d ____ - including air pollution - is key to protecting public health

A

noncommunicable diseases

173
Q

Stated that: “Addressing all risk factors for noncommunicable diseases - including air pollution - is key to protecting public health.”

A

World Health Organization (WHO)

174
Q

The measurement of contaminant concentrations during a given time period to determine intensity of exposure

A

Exposure Monitoring

175
Q

Exposure monitoring is the measurement of contaminant concentrations during a given time period to determine i ____ of e ____

A

intensity of exposure

176
Q

Airborne concentrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse health effects

A

Treshold Limit Value

177
Q

Who recommends Treshold Limit Values?

A

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

178
Q

Treshold Limit Values

Concentration for an 8-hr workday and a 40-hr work week with no adverse effect

A

Time-Weighted-Average (TWA)

179
Q

Treshold Limit Values

Concentration where exposure should be no longer than 15 minutes and not more than 4x/day and 60 minutes apart

A

Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)

180
Q

Treshold Limit Values

Concentration that should not be exceeded during working exposure

For substances where exposure results in a rapid and particular type of response

A

Ceiling (C)

181
Q

Air Pollution

Accurate information on c ____ s ____ to ambient air pollution in a location is the foremost requirement for developing these strategies

A

contributing sources

182
Q

Air Pollution

A source apportionment receptor model used to identify and quantify the sources and its contributions to PM 2.5 in air

A

Positive Matrix Factorization

183
Q

Air Pollution

The estimation of the contributions from different sources to pollution through the physico-chemical analysis of PM components

A

Source Apportionment

184
Q

Air Pollution

Source Apportionment is conducted through the use of r ____ m ____ which are analytical tools based on environmental measurement data to identify sources and estimate its contributions

A

receptor models

185
Q

True or False

Receptor models adhere to the mass conservation argument that source profiles do not change with time

A

True

186
Q

Who stated that: “Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful.” (2)

A

George Box
Norman Draper

187
Q

Air Pollution

Generalized Diagram of Methods of Control includes: (3)

A

Source
Air Path
Receiver

188
Q

Air Pollution

Environmental Control Measures (3)

A

Engineering Control
Administrative Control
Personal Protective Equipment

189
Q

Air Quality Management: Legislative Measures

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

A

Republic Act 8749

190
Q

Who shall prepare an annual National Air Quality Status Report according to RA 8749?

A

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

191
Q

Air Pollution

An air quality standard that defines the maximum amount of a pollutant averaged over a specified period of time that can be present in outdoor air without harming public health

A

Ambient Air Quality Standards

192
Q

Air Pollution

Regulatory jurisdictions for outdoor air

A

EMB-DENR
Clean Air Act (CAA)

194
Q

Air Pollution

Regulatory jurisdictions for occupational air

A

OSHC-DOLE

CPH (6 decks)

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