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CPH > [LEC] UNIT 7: WATER POLLUTION > Flashcards

[LEC] UNIT 7: WATER POLLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

Water Pollution

Water Resources (5)

A

Groundwater
Rivers
Lakes
Marine Water
Wetlands

Girls Really Like Modern Warfare (GRLMW) (me)

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2
Q

Water-Related Diseases (4)

A

Water-borne
Water-washed
Water-based
Water-insect related

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3
Q

Water Pollution

Principles of Environmental Control (3)

A

Isolation
Substitution
Shielding

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4
Q

Water Pollution

Preventions against water-based diseases (3)

A

Restriction of activities
Immunization
Prophylactic agents

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5
Q

Water Treatment (4)

A

Destruction
Conversion
Removal
Dispersion and Dilution

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6
Q

Water Pollution

Areas of Environmental Health Concerns (9)

A

Water Supply
Sanitation
Waste Management
Soil Pollution
Air Pollution
Food Sanitation
Vector Control
Occupational Health
Urbanization

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7
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Intended for waters having watersheds that are uninhabited and otherwise protected, which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the PNSDW

A

Class AA

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8
Q

Water Usage and Classification

For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) in order to meet the PNSDW.

A

Class A

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9
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Recreational Water Class I

A

Class B

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10
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Public Water Supply Class I

A

Class AA

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11
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Public Water Supply Class II

A

Class A

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12
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Fishery Water

A

Class C

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13
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Recreational Water Class II

A

Class C

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14
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Industrial Water Supply Class I

A

Class C

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15
Q

Water Usage and Classification

Industrial Water Supply Class II

A

Class D

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16
Q

Water Usage and Classification

For propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources

A

Class C

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17
Q

Water Usage and Classification

For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, diving, etc.(particularly designed for tourism purposes).

A

Class B

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18
Q

Water Pollution

Sources of chemical constituents (6)

A

Naturally occuring
Industrial sources and human dwellings
Agricultural activities
Water treatment or materials in contact with drinking water
Pesticides used in water for public health

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19
Q

Water Pollution

Examples of naturally-occuring sources of chemical constituents

A

Rocks, soils, effects of geological setting in climate

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20
Q

Water Pollution

Examples of industrial sources of chemical constituents

A

Mining
Manufacturing and processing industries
Sewage
Solid wastes
Urban runoff
Fuel leakages

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21
Q

Water Pollution

Inorganic chemical constituents with health significance

A

Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrite
Selenium

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22
Q

Organic chemical pesticides (5)

A

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Endrin
1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromate)
Heptachlor and Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane

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23
Q

Water Pollution

Radiological constituents (3)

A

Gross Alpha Activity
Gross Beta
Radon

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24
Q

Water Pollution

Sampling frequency of four consecutive quarters for one year

A

Initial

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25
Q

Sampling frequency of one sample every 3 years if running average from four consecutive quarterly samples is > 50% of MCL

A

Routine

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26
Q

Sampling frequency of one sample every 5 years if inital average is 50% of MCL

A

Reduced

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27
Q

Water Pollution

Priority Parameters (14)

A

Color
pH
Turbidity
Microbiological
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Nitrate
Benzene
Iron
Manganese
Chloride
Sulfate
TDS

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28
Q

Primary Uses of Water (5)

A

Drinking
Washing
Manufacturing
Food preparation
Bathing

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29
Q

Secondary Uses of Water (3)

A

Fight fires
Sprinkle street
Carry wastes

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30
Q

Tertiary Uses of Water (6)

A

Shellfish culture
Recreation
Navigation
Power
Irrigation
Fishing

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31
Q

Factors affecting water use: (7)

A

Size of the community
Industry and commerce
Characteristic of the population
Metering
Climate
Water quality
System pressure

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32
Q

Short-term uses of water (for survival) (2)

A

Drinking
Cooking

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33
Q

Medium-term uses of water (for maintaining) (7)

A

Drinking
Cooking
Personal washing
Washing clothes
House cleaning
Gardening
Sanitation and waste disposal

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34
Q

Drinking and culinary purposes, Laundry, Bathing, and Toilet are all M ____ B ____ N ____

A

Minimum Basic Needs

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35
Q

Occurs when a pathogen is in water that is drunk by a person which may then become infected

A

Water-borne Diseases

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36
Q

A disease whose transmission will be reduced following an increase in the volume of water used for hygienic purposes, irrespective of the quality type of water

A

Water-washed Diseases

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37
Q

Three main types of Water-washed Diseases

A

Infection of the Intestinal Tract
Infection of the Skin and Eyes
Infection carried by Lice

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38
Q

Disease due to infection by parasitic worms which depend on aquatic intermediate hosts to complete their cycle

A

Water-based diseases

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39
Q

Examples of water-based diseases (2)

A

Schistosomiasis
Fasciolopsiasis

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40
Q

Diseases transmitted by insects which either breed in water or bite near water

A

Water-related insect diseases

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41
Q

Methods of Water Purification

Common treatment processes for Dissolved Inorganic Impurities

A

Oxidation-filtration
Hot or cold lime softening or other precipitation processes
Chlorination
Ion-exchange softening and de-alkalization deionization
Reverse osmosis
Electrodialysis
Distillation
Oxidation of NH4+ to NO3-
Denitrification of NO3- to N2

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42
Q

Common treatment processes for Dissolved Organic Impurities

A

Flocculation followed by Sedimentation, Filtration, Ultrafiltration, Activated carbon
Biological treatment
Chemical destruction
Ion Exchange Scavenging

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43
Q

Common treatment processes for Suspended Colloids Impurities

A

Flocculation processes
Biological treatment for BOD reduction
Ultrafiltration

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44
Q

Common treatment processes for Suspended Inorganic Impurities

A

Sedimentation/Screening

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45
Q

Common treatment processes for Suspended Organic Impurities

A

Sedimentation/Screening
Filtration
Biological treatment for BOD

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46
Q

Common treatment processes for Living Matter

Microorganisms

A

Biological treatment
Microfiltration
Disinfection by chlorine, ozone, or biocides
Ultraviolet or radioactive sterilization

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47
Q

Common treatment processes for Gasses

A

Thermal and/or Mechanical degassing for removal of O2 and CO2
Chemical scavenging (O2 removal by sulfite or hydrazine)
Dechlorination with activated carbon
Ion exchange

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48
Q

General Methods of Water Treatment

Removal of bacteria is accomplished by: (2)

A

Process mentioned for the removal of suspended solids
Final disinfection by chlorine or other acceptable physical or chemical agents

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49
Q

General Methods of Water Treatment

Removal or neutralization of tastes, odors, objectionable materials, and dissolved gasses is accomplished by: (3)

A

Aeration
Water treatment
Special equipment or methods

50
Q

A ____ is the exposure of water in thin films or droplets to the oxygen of the atmosphere

A

Aeration

51
Q

Sources of Wastewater (5)

A

Domestic Sources
Industrial Sources
Storm Water
Agricultural Runoff
Leachate from Open Dumps

52
Q

Composition of wastewater

A

99.99% liquid
0.01% solid

53
Q

Wastewater fractions (5)

A

Solid Fraction
Organic Fraction
Nutrient N+P
Toxic Component
Pathogenic Organism

54
Q

Wastewater fractions

Solid Fraction

Residue at 103-105

A

Total Solids

55
Q

Wastewater fractions

Solid Fraction

Solid that settles down

A

Settleable Solids

56
Q

Wastewater fractions

Solid Fraction

Colloids & dissolvable solids

A

Filterable

57
Q

Wastewater Fractions

Solid Fraction

Suspended solids

A

Non-filterable

58
Q

Wastewater Fractions

Examples of toxic component of Wastewater (3)

A

Pesticides
Insecticides
Heavy Metals

59
Q

Wastewater Fractions

What wastewater fraction is human and animal excreta?

A

Pathogenic Organism

60
Q

Water Pollution

Resource Recovery (2)

A

Aquaculture
Composting

61
Q

Transmission of an excreted infection depends on: (4)

A

Excreted Load
Latency, Persistence, Multiplication
Infective Dose
Susceptibility of Host

62
Q

Non-latent
Unable to multiply
Low infective dose

A

Category I

63
Q

Includes viruses, protozoa, enterobius, hymenolepis

A

Category I

64
Q

Transmission foci: domestic, personal contamination

A

Category I

65
Q

Control: Improve domestic water supply, Health education, Improved housing

A

Category I

66
Q

Non-latent
Medium to high infective dose
Moderately persistent
Able to multiple

A

Category II

67
Q

Involves all bacteria

A

Category II

68
Q

Transmission foci: Category I + water and crop contamination

A

Category II

69
Q

Control: Category I + effective treatment prior to discharge or reuse of excreta

A

Category II

70
Q

Latent
Very persistent
No multiplication
No intermediate host

A

Category III

71
Q

Involves geohelminths

A

Category III

72
Q

Examples of geohelminths (4)

A

SHAT
Strongyloides, Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris

73
Q

Transmission foci: Yard, field, and crop contamination

A

Category III

74
Q

Control: Treatment before land application, provision of toilets

A

Category III

75
Q

Latent
Persistent
Intermediate host is cow or pig

A

Category IV

76
Q

Transmission foci: Yard, field, and fodder contamination

A

Category IV

77
Q

Control: Category III + Thorough cooking, meat inspection

A

Category IV

78
Q

Latent
Persistent
Able to multiply
One or more intermediate aquatic hosts

A

Category V

79
Q

All water-based

A

Category V

80
Q

Involves helminths

A

Category V

81
Q

Examples of helminths (3)

A

Schistosomiasis, Fasciolopsiasis, Clonorchiasis

82
Q

Category with transmission foci of contaminated water

A

Category V

83
Q

Control: Category IV + control of snails, cook fish and aquatic vegetation

A

Category V

84
Q

Category related to insect-related diseases

A

Category VI

85
Q

Categories mainly impacted by water/personal hygiene

A

Category I
Category II

86
Q

Categories mainly impacted by sanitation

A

Category III, IV, V, VI

87
Q

Improvement of water supplies is applicable to what categories?

A

Categories I, II, III, V

88
Q

Treatment to kill/remove pathogens is applicable to what categories?

A

Categories II, III, IV, V

89
Q

Cooking of meat, fish, and aquatic vegetables is applicable to what categories?

A

Categories IV, V

90
Q

Insect control is applicable to what categories?

A

Category VI only

91
Q

Sanitation Technology Options

Dry Onsite Technologies (5)

A

Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
Composting Urine Diversion (UDT) Toilet
Pour flush toilet
AQUA PRIVY
Cistern flush toilet

92
Q

Common toilet facilities found in remote rural areas
Consists of pit, squatting plate, foundation, and structure
Smells badly, breeding areas for insects

A

Dry onsite technologies

93
Q

This dry onsite technology is inexpensive, long-term solution, uses low volume of water, can be upgraded to connect to sewer, has minimum odor

A

Pour flush toilet

94
Q

This dry onsite technology has small septic tanks located below drop pipe extending below the liquid level to form a water seal

Anaerobic decomposition
Requires high volume of water
Contents are desludged frequently

A

AQUA PRIVY

95
Q

This dry onsite technology requires separate sewage disposal, clogs easily, and has a risk of polluting groundwater

A

Cistern flush toilet

96
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Flexible and adaptable to a wide variety of household waste treatment system

A

Wet offsite technology

97
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Requires little mechanical maintenance

A

Wet offsite technology

98
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

High cost

A

Wet offsite technology

99
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Requires piped water

A

Wet offsite technology

100
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Requires permeable subsoil structure

A

Wet offsite technology

101
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Effluent, can contaminate ground or surface water

A

Wet offsite technology

102
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Space for drainage field is required

A

Wet offsite technology

103
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Easy construction and maintenance

A

Dry onsite technology

104
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Any type of anal cleansing material can be used

A

Dry onsite technology

105
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Absence of odor and minimal fly and mosquito nuisance

A

Dry onsite technology

106
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Minimal water requirement

A

Dry onsite technology

107
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Minimal risk to health

A

Dry onsite technology

108
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Lack of pace for relocating pit in dense areas

A

Dry onsite technology

109
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Difficulty in construction in rock-laden subsoil

A

Dry onsite technology

110
Q

Wet offsite or Dry onsite technology

Does not dispose large quantities of sullage water

A

Dry onsite technology

111
Q

Water Pollution

Applies to the act of getting rid of sewage by any method

A

Sewage disposal

112
Q

True or False

Sewage disposal must be done with previous treatment of sewage

A

False

May be done with or without previous treatment of sewage

113
Q

Three Categories of Sewer Systems

A

Settled Sewer System
Simplified Sewer System
Conventional Sewer System

114
Q

Disease is transmitted by ingestion

A

Water-borne

115
Q

True or False

Water-borne disease can also be water-washed

A

True

116
Q

Diarrheas (cholera)
Enteric fevers
Hepatitis A

A

Water-borne diseases

117
Q

Diarrheas (amoebic dysentery)
Trachoma
Scabies

A

Water-washed diseases

118
Q

Guinea Worm
Schistosomiasis

A

Water-based diseases

119
Q

This pathogen spends parts of its life in an animal which is water-based

A

Water-based diseases

120
Q

Water-based pathogen is transmitted via: (2)

A

Ingestion
Skin penetration

121
Q

Malaria
River Blindness

A

Insect-vector diseases

CPH (6 decks)

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