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Pathology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of suffering and disease

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2
Q

Disorder

A

Change from the normal

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3
Q

Disease

A

Change in structure/ function
Systemic or local

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4
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the cause of disease

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5
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown cause

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6
Q

Nosocomial

A

Aquire disease

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7
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Caused by the treatment

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8
Q

Congenital

A

Exist at birth

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9
Q

Aquired

A

Develops after birth

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10
Q

Diagnosis

A

Naming of disease

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11
Q

Prognosis

A

Prediction or expected outcome

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12
Q

Remission

A

Disease going away

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13
Q

Exacerbation

A

Disease getting worse

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14
Q

Complication

A

Disease forming from another one

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15
Q

Sequalae

A

Unwanted outcome from a previous disease

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16
Q

Mortality

A

Number of people who disease in a population

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17
Q

Morbidity

A

Number of people who have the disease in a population

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18
Q

Syndrom

A

Group of symptoms cause by several unrelated issues

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19
Q

Pathogenisis

A

How a particular disease will progress

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20
Q

Clinical manifestation

A

Signs and symptoms of a disease

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21
Q

Signs

A

Objective like blood pressure

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22
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective like pain

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

How disease travels through populations

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24
Q

Incidence

A

New case over population

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25
Q

Prevalence

A

All cases over population

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26
Q

Humoralism

A

Individualistic medicine each patient has a unique ratio of four elements

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27
Q

Cell house keeping

A
  1. Protection and nutrition acquisition
  2. Communication.
  3. Catabolism
  4. Energy
  5. Movement
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28
Q

Phosphatidylinostiol

A

Inside and outside.
Inside: phosphatlated and acts as scaffolding to intracellular proteins
Hydrolized by phospholipase C for secondary signalling

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29
Q

Phosphatidyliserine

A

Inside only
Negative charge for protein interactions
Outside is cell death signal

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30
Q

Glycolipids

A

Outside
Negative charge from associated complex sugar
Cell to cell and cell to EMC interactions

31
Q

Sphinglomylin

A

Myelinated nerve cells

32
Q

Glucocalyx

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids that cover the outer surface of the cell

33
Q

Functions of the glucocalyx

A
  1. Protection
  2. Cell to cell recognition
  3. Attachment to EMC
  4. Binds antigens and enzymes
  5. T cell and antigens align with eachother.
34
Q

Integral protein

A

Embedded into the membrane
Amphipathic with positive amino acids to anchor to negative phospholipid heads

35
Q

Peripheral

A

Not covalently associated
Usually part of cytoskeleton or secondary messenger

36
Q

GPI anchor

A

On outside protein linked to sugar tags

37
Q

Lipid anchor

A

Inside cell anchored through lipid interactions

38
Q

Major complements or extra cellular matrix

A

Fibrous structural proteins
Water hydrated gels
Adhesive glycoproteins

39
Q

Function of ECM

A

Would healing
Normal tissue architecture
Support for cells

40
Q

What is the Interstitial matrix

A

Connective tissue between cells and the underlying supportive vascular and smooth muscle structure

41
Q

What does the intercellular matrix consist of

A

Collagen
Fibronectin
Elastin
Proteiglycans

42
Q

What is the Basement membrane

A

Highly organize interstitial matrix that provides strength

43
Q

What is Passive diffusion

A

High to low gradient without use of ATP

44
Q

Molecules that passively diffuse

A

Small non polar
Hydrophobic molecules
Very small polar molecules

45
Q

What are channel/ carrier proteins

A

Highly selective used for things that cannot passively diffuse
Can be gradient or ATP driven

46
Q

Caveolae mediated (photocytosis)

A

not coated membrane invaginations (major protein structure Caveolin)

47
Q

Clathrin coated (pinocytosis)

A

receptor mediated, coated pit. will fuse with endoscopes to allow for extra processing of cargo

48
Q

exocytosis

A

export from cell

49
Q

transcytosis

A

movement straight through cell

50
Q

phagocytosis

A

digestion of large microbes

51
Q

purpose of the cytoskeleton

A

keep cell shape and sometime movement

52
Q

Actin microfilaments

A

makes up the cytoskeleton
smallest structure
double stranded helix
in non muscle cause movement

53
Q

microtubules

A

part of cytoskeleton
largest
connection cables for molecular motor
negative end embedded in organization centre
positive end elongates or recedes depending on stimulus

54
Q

Endocytosis

A

Up taking marcomulecimes

55
Q

intermediate filaments

A

part of cytoskeleton
provide tensile strength
tissue specific

56
Q

occluding (tight) junctions

A

seal together completely
compartmentalization

57
Q

desmosomes (Anchoring) junction

A

mechanically attach cells and cytoskeletons to each other or ECM

58
Q

Spot desmosome

A

small rivet between cells

59
Q

belt desomosome

A

broad bands between cells

60
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

attach the cell to the ECM → basliar membrane

61
Q

cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins)

A

forms Anchoring junction (desmosomes)

62
Q

Communication (gap) junctions

A

Passage of signals from one cell to another

63
Q

Connexons

A

array of gap junctions created from singular connexins

64
Q

Non receptor tyrosine kinase base receptor

A

Need a separate kinase

65
Q

Kinase

A

Add phosphate to target molecules from ATP

66
Q

Phosphates

A

Acts as the off switch, removes phosphate

67
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptor

A

Has a kinase domain

68
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly wound and inactive DNA

69
Q

Euchromatin

A

uncoiled loosely packed form of chromatin which is active DNA

70
Q

Purine

A

A and G

71
Q

Pyrimidine

A

C and T

72
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

A=T AND G=C

73
Q

tRNA

A

Transfers RNA molecules recognize codons of mRNA and adds amino acid

74
Q
A

Pathology (14 decks)

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