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Pathology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

the study of the cause

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2
Q

Idiopathic

A

unknown cause

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3
Q

Nosocomial

A

acquired

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4
Q

Iatrogenic

A

caused by treatment

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5
Q

Congenital

A

existing at birth

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6
Q

Signs

A

objective alterations that can be observed or measured by another person

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7
Q

Acquired

A

develops post-fetaly

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8
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective experiences
reported by the person

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of tracking patterns of disease
occurrence and transmission among populations
and by geographic areas

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10
Q

Incidence

A

the number of new cases
occurring in specified time

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of existing
cases within a population during specified time

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12
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

elevated levels of lipids in the
blood

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13
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly

A

enlargement of liver and
spleen

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14
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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15
Q

Tachycardia

A

abnormally rapid heart rate

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16
Q

Humoralism

A

Individualistic system of medicine,
each patient believed to have their
own unique humoral composition

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17
Q

Cellular housekeeping functions (7)

A
  1. Protection from the environment
    2.Nutrient acquisition
    3.Communication
    4.Movement
    5.Renewal of senescent molecules
    6.Molecular catabolism
  2. Energy generation
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18
Q

the membrane has a ___ collection of different phospholipids

A

asymmetric

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19
Q

Phosphatidylinositol

A

Found on both sides of membrane

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20
Q

Phosphatidyliserine

A

inside only, when exposed outside signal of cell death

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21
Q

Glycolipids

A

outside cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions

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22
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

mylonite nerve cell axons, hydolyzed –> apoptosis

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23
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

span the entire length of the cell membrane, Amphipathic

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24
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Do not extend through the entire length of the cell membrane, cytoskeleton or intracellular secondary message system

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25
Q

Glycosylphosphotidylinositol (GPI) anchor

A

extracellular, protein anchored to membrane by glycolipid

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26
Q

Lipid anchor

A

Cytosolic side

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27
Q

what is Glycocalyx

A

Glycoprotein and glycolipid covering of the outer surface

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28
Q

function of Glycocalyx (5)

A
  1. Chemical and mechanica
  2. cell-cell recognition and interaction
  3. attachment to EMC
  4. Binds antigens and enzymes to the cell surface
  5. T cells and antigen presenting cells in aligning with each other
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29
Q

composition of Glycocalyx

A

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides attached to integral proteins or
lipids

30
Q

what is the ECM

A

network of interstitial proteins that constitutes a significant proportion
of any tissue

31
Q

two forms of ECM

A

Interstitial matrix and Basement membrane

32
Q

major components of Interstitial matrix

A

Collagens (fibrillary and non-
fibrillary)
Fibronectin
Elastin
Proteoglycans

33
Q

what synthesis Interstitial matrix

A

mesenchymal cells aka fibroblasts

34
Q

highly organized portion of ECM

A

Basement membrane

35
Q

what synthesis Basement membrane

A

contributions from the overlying epithelium
and underlying mesenchymal cells

36
Q

what is Basement membrane made up of

A

Amorphous nonfibrillar type IV collagen
Laminin

37
Q

components of the ECM

A

Fibrous structural proteins
Water-hydrated gels
Adhesive glycoproteins

38
Q

Channel proteins

A

create hydrophilic pores allowing rapid movement of solutes

39
Q

carrier proteins

A

undergo conformational change upon solute binding

40
Q

uptake of fluid and macromolecules

A

endocytosis

41
Q

export from cell

A

exocytosis

42
Q

movement through cell

A

transcytosis

43
Q

Caveolae-mediated endocytosis (potocytosis)

A

Caveolae = noncoated membrane
invaginations
Major structural protein – Caveolin

44
Q

purpose of potocytosis (2)

A

1.transmembrane delivery
2. regulation of
transmembrane signalling and/or
adhesion

45
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (pinocytosis)

A

Clathrin-coated pit

46
Q

purpose of pinocytosis

A

Major uptake mechanism of
macromolecules

47
Q

Actin microfilaments

A

fibrils of globular actin,

48
Q

Microtubules

A
49
Q

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)

A

Seal adjacent cells together

50
Q

Anchoring junctions (desmosomes)

A

Mechanically attach cells (and their
cytoskeletons) to other cells or to the
extracellular matrix (ECM)

51
Q

Spot desmosome

A

between cells, small, rivet-
like

52
Q

Belt desmosome

A

broad bands between cells

53
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

cell to ECM

54
Q

what proteins are cell to cell junction formed by

A

cadherins

55
Q
  1. Communicating (gap) junctions
A

Mediate passage of chemical or electrical
signals from one cell to another

56
Q

Lysosome catabolism pathways

A
  1. Fluid-phase pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Autophagy (self eating)
57
Q

Proteasome

A

Degradation of cytosolic proteins

58
Q

three roles of energy Mitochondria

A

energy generation
anabolic metabolism
regulation of cell death

59
Q

most common types of cell signalling

A

danger signals
contact with neighbours
contact with ECM
secreted molecules (growth factors, cytokines…)

60
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

immediate vicinity

61
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

affecting same cell/groups of cells

62
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

acting at the distance

63
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

neuron onto target cell

64
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Transcription factors activated by
lipid-soluble ligands

65
Q

two types of receptors

A

Intracellular receptors and cell surface

66
Q

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

A

Activate non-receptor tyrosine kinase

67
Q

tyrosine kinase

A

Activate a receptor tyrosine kinase

68
Q

Kinases

A

Adding a phosphate residue to target molecule

69
Q

Activation of latent transcription factor (notch)

A

Trigger a proteolytic event activating a latent transcription factor (cleavage)

70
Q
A

Pathology (14 decks)

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