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Microbio Test I > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

smallest infectious particles

A

viruses

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2
Q

require host cell for replication

A

viruses

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3
Q

simple unicellular organisms

A

bacteria

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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5
Q

eukaryotes

A

fungi

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6
Q

unicellular fungi

A

yeast

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7
Q

filamentous fungi

A

mold

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8
Q

parasites: eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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9
Q

most complex microbes

A

parasites

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10
Q

4 defining features of prokaryotes

A
  1. lack nucleus
  2. typically have single double stranded (haploid) circular DNA chromosome
  3. Smaller 70S ribosome
  4. Mesh-like peptidoglycan wall
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11
Q

what antigen detects flagella

A

H-antigen

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12
Q

what antigen detects capsule

A

K-antigen

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13
Q

what antigen detects LPS

A

O-antigen

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14
Q

cocci

A

spherical

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15
Q

bacilli

A

rod, straight or curved

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16
Q

spirochetes

A

spiral

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17
Q

do bacteria have sterols in the lipid bilayer

A

no

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18
Q

what is the main component of the bacterial cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

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19
Q

pili v. flagella

A

flagella are much longer

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20
Q

gram positive =

A

thick peptidoglycan + plasma membrane

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21
Q

gram negative =

A

outer membrane + thinner peptidoglycan + inner membrane

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22
Q

where is the periplasmic space in gram negative bacteria located?

A

between peptidoglycan and plasma membrane

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23
Q

positive gram stain

A

P Purple Positive

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24
Q

Four steps of gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet (purple)
  2. gram iodine (locks in)
  3. decolorizer (washes out)
  4. safranin red (red)
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25
Q

what is more complex, gram + or gram-

A

gram -

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26
Q

what bacteria do not have peptidoglycan

A

mycoplasma and chlamydia

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27
Q

what determines shape of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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28
Q

why is peptidoglycan a drug target

A

found uniquely on bacteria!

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29
Q

what sugars are found in peptidoglycan

A

N-acetylglucosamine NAG and N-acetlymuramic acid NAM in a beta 1,4 linkage

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30
Q

what crosslinks the linear NAG-NAM chain

A

tetra peptides connecting NAM to NAM

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31
Q

what are the proinflammatory effects of peptidoglycan

A
  1. fixes complement
  2. binds pattern recognition receptors
  3. triggers TNF production
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32
Q

what components of the gram positive envelope are unique to gram-positive

A

teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

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33
Q

LTA vs. teichoic acid: which is PM associated

A

LTA

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34
Q

what is the function of LTA and teichoic acid?

A

promote attachment to other bacteria and to host cells (virulence factor!)

35
Q

which has more peptidoglycan: gram + or -

A

gram +

36
Q

where is peptidoglycan located in a gram - bacteria

A

periplasmic space

37
Q

what are two distinguish components of the outer membrane of gram - bacteria

A
  1. porins

3. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

38
Q

LPS v. LTA

A 
LPS= gram negative
LTA= gram positive
39
Q

why is the outer membrane of gram - bacteria asymmetric

A

inner: phospholipids
outer: LPS

40
Q

another name for LPS

A

endotoxin

41
Q

3 subunits of LPS

A
  1. lipid A
  2. core polysaccharide
  3. O antigen
42
Q

what is responsible for the endotoxin activity of LPS

A

Lipid A

43
Q

branched polysaccharide of 9-12 sugars required for bacterial structure and viability

A

core polysaccharide of LPS

44
Q

can lipid A alone cause toxic shock?

A

yes

45
Q

long linear polysaccharide of repeating saccharide units of 4-7 sugars with lots of species variation

A

O antigen

46
Q

what bacteria is missing the O antigen

A

Neisseria (LOS)

47
Q

How does endotoxin/LPS cause inflammation?

A
  1. Binds to CD14 and TLR4 on phagocytes/APC
  2. Activates immune system
  3. Causes inflammation/ septic shock (TNF, IL1, IL6)
48
Q

what are the two acid-fast bacteria?

A

mycobacteria and nocardia

49
Q

mycolic acid

A

acid-fast bacteria

50
Q

what are mycolic acids?

A

long, branched chain fatty acids covalently bound to peptidoglycan via a polysaccharide

51
Q

thick waxy membranous layer outside of peptidoglycan

A

acid-fast bacteria

52
Q

weakly stained bacteria

A

legionella

53
Q

cell wall too thin to be visible

A

treponema or leptospira

54
Q

wall-less bacteria

A

mycoplasma

55
Q

what color do acid fast stain?

A

red

the rest will be blue

56
Q

impedes entry of chemicals and lysosomal enzymes which leads to fastidious slow-growing bacteria

A

mycolic acids make waxy surface

57
Q

do acid fast bacteria have peptidoglycan

A

yes

58
Q

do acid fast bacteria have an outer membrane

A

no ( look like gram positive )

59
Q

Liparabinomannan LAM

A

similar to LPS but found in acid-fast

60
Q

arabinogalactans

A

branched polysaccharides that bind mycolic acid

61
Q

Which cells have pili/fimbrae?

A

both gram + and -

62
Q

common/somatic pili

A

involved in attachment to epithelial cells

63
Q

adhesins, lectins, evasins and aggressins

A

common/somatic pili

64
Q

sex pili

A

bind to other bacteria and are a tube for transfer of genetic material, usually a plasmid

65
Q

ony one per cell, involved in gene transfer

A

sex pili

66
Q

rotating helical structures anchored to PM responsible for locomotion

A

flagella

67
Q

polar/monotrichous flagella

A

at one pole

68
Q

lophotrichous flagella

A

more than one at single pole

69
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

at both poles

70
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

all around the bacteria

71
Q

what detects flagella?

A

h-antigen

72
Q

what detects a capsule?

A

k-antigen

73
Q

which type of bacteria has a capsule?

A

gram - or +

74
Q

how does the capsule aid in protection from the immune system?

A
  1. poorly antigenic
  2. antiphagocytic
  3. major virulence factor
75
Q

ist the capsule important for culture of bacteria?

A

NO

it is important for cell survival in host not culture

76
Q

define biofilm

A

an organized community of microbial cells that has a capsule/slime layer over the entire population

77
Q

what test detects the presence of encapsulated bacteria?

A

quelleng reaction

- capsule visibly swells when anticapsular antibody is added

78
Q

why are splenectomy patients more susceptible to encapsulated bacterial infections?

A

encapsulated bacteria are opsonized and cleared by the spleen

79
Q

capsules + prtn conjugate =

A

antigen in vaccines

80
Q

occurs with some GRAM + bacteria under harsh environmental conditions

A

endospores

81
Q

what does an endospore create?

A

gives rise to a single bacteria when environmental conditions are favorable

82
Q

what does an endospore contain?

A
  • a complete copy of the chromosome
  • minimum concentration of proteins and ribosomes
  • high concentration of calcium bound to dipicolinic acid
83
Q

dipicolinic acid

A

endospore

84
Q

what is the coat of an endospore?

A

inner membrane, tow peptidoglycan layers and an outer keratin-like prtn coat

Microbio Test I (7 decks)

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