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Clinical and Mental Illness > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitudes and beliefs

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2
Q

Discrimination

A

negative behaviour towards those with mental illness

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3
Q

Self stigma

A

Internalization of negative beliefs and attitudes, and applying them to the self

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4
Q

STOP mental illness stigma acronym

A

S-tereotypes people with mental conditions
T-rivializes or belittles people with mental health conditions
O-ffends people with mental health conditions
P-atronizes people with mental health conditions by treating them as is they were not as good as other people

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5
Q

How do we define behaviour as “abnormal”

A

Behaviour that violates social norms

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6
Q

Is abnormal behaviour the same everywhere?

A

No, because social norms change over time and space

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7
Q

Why not use statistical analyses to define what abnormal behaviour

A

Because in a bell curve, the behaviour in both sides of the edges is abnormal, but one side might be extraordinarily good (think IQ)

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8
Q

Cultural relativism

A

we can’t talk about behaviour being inherently abnormal, it has to be in the context of culture and time

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9
Q

Who defines what is considered “normal” behaviour

A

We as a society draw the line of what is considered normal on the spectrum of behaviour

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10
Q

Punitive psychiatry

A

Political abuse of psychiatry

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11
Q

Drapetomania

A

a “sickness” that causes desire for freedom (punitive psychiatry)

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12
Q

Dysaethesia Aethiopis

A

a slave’s refusal to work (punitive psychiatry)

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13
Q

Why were some women considered psychopathic in the early 1900s?

A

Some women wanted to have successful careers and be single and were labeled as psychopaths because they were threatening to men

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14
Q

What is a personal way of defining abnormal behaviour

A

A person is experiencing discomfort and labels themselves as abnormal

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15
Q

What can be an issue with people being their own judges of abnormal behaviour

A

It has no standards

–> People can be over or under sensitive

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16
Q

Maladaptive behaviour as a way of defining abnormal behaviour

A

Is a person able to meet the demands in their life

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17
Q

Most psychological disorders are ________ expressions of normal emotions, behaviours and thoughts

A

extreme

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18
Q

4 categories of behaviour that indicate a “mental disorder”

A
  1. Harmful to self or others that is not beneficial
  2. Poor contact with reality
  3. Inappropriate emotional relations
  4. Erratic/unpredictable behaviour
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19
Q

3 characteristics of fa psychological disorder

A
  • Psychological dysfunction
  • Distress or impairment on functioning
  • Response not typically not culturally expected
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20
Q

In a psychological disorder, there is a breakdown of what 3 things functioning

A
  • cognitive
  • emotional
  • behavioural
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21
Q

Generic diagnostic criteria

A

The disturbance causes “clinically signifiant” distress or impairment in functioning

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22
Q

Does a diagnosis mean you need treatment

A

No, there is a difference between having a mental disorder (symptoms) and a disability, which would require treatment.

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23
Q

Do you only need treatment if you have a diagnosis

A

No. many people with legitimate problems that need treatment do not fit the criteria for a disorder

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24
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Can prescribe medication

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25
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Do clinical assessments and work with psychiatric clients

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26
Q

Counselling psychologists

A

Work with people who are more on the “normal” continuum

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27
Q

Social worker

A

More involved with what happens to people outside of treatment

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28
Q

What is the scientists-practitioner model?

A

The model for psychologists where they use evidence based-informed interventions. Look to the literature to solve problems, and if there is no literature on it, to conduct research yourself

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29
Q

Clinical description

A

The way a problem is presented (prevalence, sex ratio, age of onset, etc)

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30
Q

Course of disorder

A

If it is chronic, episodic, or time limited

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31
Q

2 types of onsets of disorders

A 
Acute = came on fast and strong 
Insidious = changes are so gradual that you do not really notice them
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32
Q

Which type of onset usually has a better outcome

A

Acute

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33
Q

Prevalence

A

How many people have the disorder at a given time

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34
Q

Lifetime prevalence

A

How many people will have this disorder over their whole life

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35
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases in a given time frame

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36
Q

Etiology

A

Looking at the origins or cause of the disorder

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37
Q

Prognosis

A

The end outcome of the disease

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38
Q

Medical student syndrome

A

The somewhat typical response for students who are learning about an illness or disorder to feel they are exhibiting the disorder

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39
Q

How did the word “lunatic” come about

A

Derived from the latin word for moon because people thought that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on psychological functioning

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40
Q

Supernatural tradition

A

The thought that deviant behaviour reflects the battle between good and evil and that outside forces like demons were influencing behaviour

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41
Q

What 2 things should a good theory provide

A

An explanation for how the disorder developed and how it can be treated

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42
Q

One-dimensional model

A

Attributes causes of behaviour to a SINGLE cause

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43
Q

Multi-dimensional model

A

Attributes causes of behaviour to several causes

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44
Q

What are the benefits of using the multi-dimensional model? (4)

A
  • Multi disciplinary
  • Many interactions between parts
  • A diverse tool box allows you to treat a variety of people
  • Looks at interactions
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45
Q

Historical views of risk factors

A

Focus on one factor as the cause of a particular set of symptoms

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46
Q

Diathesis

A

some predispositions that increase the risk/susceptibility for developing a disorder

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47
Q

Does having a diathesis necessarily mean that you will develop a disorder?

A

Not necessarily, something needs to trigger the diathesis for it to develop into a disorder

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48
Q

Another word for diathesis

A

predisposition

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49
Q

Etiology

A

the cause or origin of a disease or condition

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50
Q

suffix “genic”

A

formed from

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51
Q

Biogenic

A

formed from or caused by biology

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52
Q

Psychogenic

A

Originating from the mind

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53
Q

Symptomatology

A

the set of symptoms characteristic of a disorder or exhibited by a person

54
Q

The term mental disorder can imply that it is only mental, why is that wrong

A

The mind and body are very closely connected. There is often a physical component to mental disorders and a mental component to a physical disorder

55
Q

The biological paradigm includes 3 things

A
  • Brain structure and dysfunction
  • Neurochemical communication
  • Genetic heritability and abnormalities
56
Q

What is a paradigm

A

A framework, or perspective, that shapes the way we thing about problems in human behaviour

57
Q

Flow chart of biological paradigm

A

Genes –> Physiology –> behaviour

58
Q

Genotype

A

a person’s unique combinations of genes

59
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical/observable expression of those genes

60
Q

What does it mean that most of our behaviour and personality are polygenic

A

They arise from the interactions of many genes

61
Q

Why aren’t genes always directly expressed

A

Because what gets expressed is influenced by the environment

62
Q

Genetic factors contribute to psychological disorders, accounting for _______ of the variability

A

less than half

63
Q

It was discovered that there is a link between the length of the serotonin alleles and the likelihood of developing depression. What risk does the short and long bring

A 
Short = high risk 
Long = low risk
64
Q

What happens when people with 2 short serotonin and 2 long serotonin alleles experience the same level of stress

A

2 short = high chance of developing depression

2 long = much lower chance

65
Q

When you have PTSD, what happens when you have a memory of the event

A

It is like you are reliving it, and you brain is flushed with all the stress chemicals, which physically changes the brain

66
Q

What is the effect of a strong social network on stress

A

It provides a buffer against the harmful effects of the stress

67
Q

4 NT in this class

A

GABA
Serotonin
Norepinephrine = noradrenaline
Dopamine

68
Q

Agonists

A

Increase NT activity

69
Q

Antagonists

A

Decrease NT activity

70
Q

Inverse agonists

A

Increase competing biochemicals that deactivate the NT

71
Q

Serotonin plays a role in emotional well being, particularly 2 things

A

anxiety and depression

72
Q

Consequences of low serotonin

A
  • Impulsivity
  • Overreactions
  • Aggression
  • Excessive sexual behaviour
73
Q

Dopamine is associated with what system

A

Reward system

74
Q

A decrease in dopamine results in what disorder

A

Parkinsons

75
Q

Dopamine is implicated in what 4 disorders

A
  • schizophrenia
  • addiction
  • depression
  • ADHD
76
Q

Too much dopamine where caused the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

mesolimbic dopamine system

77
Q

Not enough dopamine where causes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Prefrontal cortex

78
Q

What drug decreases DA activity by blocking DA receptors

A

Neuroleptics

79
Q

Where is norepinephrine many produced in the brain

A

brain stem

80
Q

norepinephrine is implicated in what kinds of disorders

A

panic

81
Q

What 2 narcotics slow the reuptake of norepinephrine, prolonging the action at the synapse

A

Cocaine and amphetamines

82
Q

Too little norepinephrine impacts mood in what way?

A

depresses a person’s mood

83
Q

How are beta blockers (NE) used to treat stage fright

A

It prevents the heart from beating too fast. Without the physiological cue of stress, the person thinks that they are not nervous

84
Q

The lack of NT are implicated in many mood disorders. But its not just the lack of NT, it can also be a lack of

A

receptors

85
Q

5 classes of reuptake inhibitors

A
  1. Norepinephrine RIs
  2. Norepinephrine-Dopamine RIs
  3. SSRIs
  4. Serotonin-Norepinephrine RIs
  5. Serotonin-Norepinephrine-Dopamine RIs
86
Q

What does GABA do

A

Inhibits the actions of other NTs

87
Q

What types of drugs increase the inhibitory actions of GABA

A

tranquilizers

88
Q

5 factors that might cause disturbances in NT systems

A
  • Too much/little NT produced or released
  • Too few/many receptors
  • Excess/deficit of breakdown enzymes
  • Too slow/fast reuptake
  • Location of disturbance cause diff effects
89
Q

What do behavioural therapies attempt to do?

A

relate units of behaviour (responses) to units of the environment (stimuli)

90
Q

Behavioural assessment

A

identify the specific circumstances that trigger unwanted responses

91
Q

Behavioural Paradigm flow chart

A

ABC: anticedent (what leads up to behaviour) –> behaviour –> consequence

92
Q

In the behav. para. behaviour is learned and is the result of what

A

experience in the environment

93
Q

From the behav perspective, maladaptive behaviour patterns and maladaptive emotional responses are the result of

A

learning

94
Q

What was John Watson’s approach to behaviourism

A

Focus solely on observable behaviour

95
Q

B.F Skinner’s approach to behaviourism

A

Recognized the importance of thoughts and emotions for shaping behaviour

96
Q

Response cost

A

a response is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus

97
Q

Extinction

A

the elimination of a response by withdrawing whatever reinforcer was maintaining it

98
Q

Behavioural modification

A

Uses extinction (not giving desired response) combined with reinforcement for desired behaviour

99
Q

Generalization

A

An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus

100
Q

Discrimination lerning

A

learning to distinguish among similar stimuli and to respond only to the appropriate one

101
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcing any response that successfully approximates the desired response

102
Q

Cognitive paradigm

A

Thoughts and beliefs shape our behaviours and emotions. Abnormal behaviour is the product of disordered mental functioning

103
Q

Causal attribution

A

Our belief about why something happens, what the cause is

104
Q

Attributions influence _______. They are the meaning we give to events

A

behaviours

105
Q

How men and women attribute success

A

Men = they are brilliant and talented

Women - luck

106
Q

Cognitive behaviourism

A

View that thinking and behaviour are learned and therefore can be changes

107
Q

Global assumptions

A

beliefs about ourselves, others and the world that can be positive or negative

> > the lens you see the world through

108
Q

Negative Cognitive Triad

A

Pessimistic view of the self, the world, and the future

109
Q

What did Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck believe about maladaptive behaviour

A

Due to having some dysfunctional global assumptions

110
Q

Irrational beliefs

A

it distorts reality, is illogical, prevents you from reaching your goals, leads to unhealthy emotions and self defeating behaviours

111
Q

Irrational beliefs and maladaptive behaviour

A

Maladaptive behaviour is due to the individual’s response to events that are based on irrational beliefs about the world

112
Q

3 Major Musts

A
  • I must do well and win the approval of others or I am bad
  • Others must do “the right thing” or they are bad
  • Life must be easy
113
Q

When people face uncontrollable stress, they are at more risk for depression, according to what theory

A

Learned helplessness

114
Q

What can help prevent learned helplessness

A

Giving people a sense of control over things, can be as little as a house plant

115
Q

Pessimistic explanatory style

A

Negative events are internal (my fault), stable (will never change), and global (everything will be bad like this)

116
Q

Who is especially at risk for learned helplessness

A

People with the pessimistic explanatory style

117
Q

Cognitive Vulnerability Stress Model

A

Identifying people who are “at risk” of developing a disorder based on their cognitive style

118
Q

What do cultural factors influence

A

The form and content of psychopathology and differ among cultures and social groups

119
Q

Which gender makes up 2/3 of ppl with major depression

A

women

120
Q

Who is more likely to self medicate

A

men

121
Q

Who responds better to treatments, why?

A

Women

Better emotional processing

122
Q

Why do more women have insect phobias than men

A

It is not that men are not scared of bugs, but the social expectation is that men will deal with the bugs and so they face their fears and are not as scared by bugs anymore.`

123
Q

What is the main sociocultural issue when it comes to mental health

A

Socio-econimic disadvantage : poverty

124
Q

What 4 things are seen more in poverty stricken people

A
  • Juvenile delinquency
  • SUDs
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
125
Q

Why do people in stigmatized groups have more mental health issues

A

Because they are discriminated against and oppressed

126
Q

Intersecting identities

A

belonging to multiple stigmatized groups

127
Q

Life expectancy and social support

A

Better social support is associated with longer life

128
Q

Risk of depression for those who live alone __% higher than those who live with others

A

80%

129
Q

________ increases risk of death on the same level as smoking and more than inactivity or obesity

A

Social isolation

130
Q

______ seeking is an important coping strategy that can help a person’s ability to deal with stress

A

social support

131
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Acknowledges that there can be multiple influences on any particular behaviour and that these influences interact with each other

132
Q

Equifinality

A

A particular behaviour or disorder may have many potential causes

Clinical and Mental Illness (2 decks)

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