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Microbiology > LECTURE 1 [CH 1] > Flashcards

LECTURE 1 [CH 1] Flashcards

1
Q

The largest bacteria is called?

A

Thiomargarita

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2
Q

In terms of SIZE, rank the following from largest to smallest: Somatic Cells, Viruses, Bacterial

A

Largest
1) Somatic Cells
2) Bacterial Cells
3) Virus
Smallest

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3
Q

In terms of ABUNDANCE, rank the following from most to least abundant: Somatic Cells, Viruses, Bacterial

A

Most Abundant
1) Virus
2) Bacteria
3) Human Cells
Least Abundant

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4
Q

The 4 Types of Bacteria are:

A

1) Coccus (Sphere-shaped)
2) Bacillus (Rod-shaped)
3) Spiral Bacteria (Corkscrew-shaped)
4) Filamentous Bacteria (Filament-shaped)

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5
Q

List the 6 Types of Coccus Bacteria

A

1) Coccus
➣ Singular, sphere
2) Diplococcus
➣ N. gonorrhoeae
➣ In pairs of 2
3) Streptococcus
➣ S. pneumoniae
➣ Linear; strand
4) Tetrads
➣ M. luteus
➣ In 4’s; quartet
5) Staphylococcus
➣ S. aureus
➣ In single clumps
**6) Sarcinae **
➣ In octets

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6
Q

List the 7 Types of Bacillus

A

1) Bacillus
➣ E. coli
2) Diplobacillus
➣ In pairs
3) Streptobacillus
➣ Linear; strand
4) Trichrome
➣ Linear; in block-like chain
5) Palisade
➣ Linear, in vertical chain
6) Coccobacillus
➣ Oval-like shape
7) Vibrio
➣ V. cholerae
➣ Comma-shaped

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7
Q

List the 2 Types of Spiral Bacteria

A

1) Spirillum
➣ Cork-skrew shaped
2) Spirochete
➣ Wave-like; spiral shaped
➣ B. burgdorferi - cause of lyme disease; bullseye shaped rash

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8
Q

List a Type of Filamentous Bacteria

A

1) Filamentous Bacteria
➣ Mycelium

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9
Q

Why are bacteria shapes important? Provide an example

A

➣ Helps in the identification and diagnosis of bacteria
➣ Shape and structure alter the motility of organisms Spirochetes’s corkscrew shape facilitates movement through mucus layers
➣ Shape alters nutrient exchange
➣ Size dictates how much stuff can fit inside
*Genetic content (Bigger cells = more DNA = more genes)
* Translation Machinery (How much study the cell can make to support its size)

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10
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Metabolism

A

Cells take up nutrients, transform them, and expel wastes
1) Genetic: Replication, Transcription, Translation)
2) Catalytic (Energy, Biosynthesis)

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11
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Growth

A

Nutrients from the environment are converted into new cell materials to form new cells.

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12
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Evolution

A

Cells evolve to display new propertioes. Phylogenetic trees capture evoluntionary relationships.

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13
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Differentiation

A

Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore.

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14
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Communication

A

Cells interact with each other by chemical messengers.

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15
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Genetic Exchange

A

Cells can exchange genes by several mechanisms.

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16
Q

Describe the Cell Property: Motility

A

Some cells are capable of self-propulsion

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17
Q

Properties of ALL BACTERIAL CELLS

A

3 Properties in ALL BACTERIAL CELLS
1) Metabolism
2) Growth
3) Evolution

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18
Q

Properties of ALL VIRUS CELLS

A

Properties of ALL VIRUS CELLS
1) Evolution

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19
Q

Properties found in ALL BACTERIAL CELLS that are NOT found in Virus Cells

A

1) Metabolism
2) Growth

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20
Q

Properties in SOME/MOST BACTERIAL CELLS

A

1) Differentiation
2) Communication
3) Genetic Exchange
4) Motility

21
Q

Properties found in SOME/MOST BACTERIAL CELLS that are NOT found in Virus Cells

A

1) Differentiation
➣ Viruses do not undergo differentiation because they lack the cellular machinery and organelles necessary for such processes.
2) Communication
➣ They lack the cellular structures and signaling mechanisms required for intercellular communication.
3) Genetic Exchange
➣ Cannot do genetic exchange alone, they are dependent on a host cell.
4) Motility
➣ Viruses cannot move on their own and rely on external forces

22
Q

What classification is given to organisms that live in extreme environments? List its sub-classifications as well.

A

Extremophiles
Sub-Categories
1) Hyperthermophile
2) Psychrophile
3) Acidophile
4) Alkaliphile
5) Barophile
6) Halophile

23
Q

Hyperthermophile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Hyperthermophile
List:
1) Extreme: HIGH TEMPERATURE
2) Domain: ARCHAEA
3) Habitat: UNDERSEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS

24
Q

Psychrophile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Psychrophile
List:
1) Extreme: LOW TEMPERATURE
2) Domain: BACTERIA
3) Habitat: SEA ICE

25
Q

Acidophile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Acidophile
List:
1) Extreme: LOW PH
2) Domain: ARCHAEA
3) Habitat: ACIDIC HOT SPRINGS

26
Q

Alkaliphile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Alkaliphile
List:
1) Extreme: HIGH PH
2) Domain: ARCHAEA
3) Habitat: SODA LAKES

27
Q

Barophile/Piezophile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Barophile/Piezophile
List:
1) Extreme: PRESSURE
2) Domain: BACTERIA
3) Habitat: DEEP OCEAN SEDIMENTS

28
Q

Halophile
List:
1) Extreme [–]
2) Domain
3) Habitat

A

Halophile
List:
1) Extreme: SALT (NaCl)
2) Domain: ARCHAEA
3) Habitat: SALTERNS

29
Q

Why is important that we understand where all microbes live?

A
  • If organisms grow in these environements, these organisms have adapted to these environements overtime
  • Extraterrestrial Life
    ➣ Can consider all of these parameters to look for microorganisms
    ➣ MOs are in a lot of places; lots of places to look for them
30
Q

Why do we study microbiology?

A
  1. Health and Disease
  2. Health and Nutrition
  3. Cell Biology
  4. Evolution
  5. History
  6. Industrial and Agricultural Applications
  7. Bioremediation
31
Q

Role of Microbiology in: Health and Disease

A

Role of Microbiology in: Health and Disease
* In the 1900s we saw that the three leading causes of death were:
1. Influenza and Pneumonia
2. Tuberculosis
3. Gastroenteritis
All of these 3 causes were INFECTIOUS diseases. However, compared to today where the 3 leading causes of death are non-microbial:
1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke

32
Q

Role of Microbiology in: Health and Nutrition

A
  • Microbes are essential to human nutrition and diet.
  • The stomach, once thought sterile, is home to as many as 10,000 microbes/g (ml) of contents despite being at a pH of 1-2.
  • The small intestine, in part because it has a higher pH (4-5), houses as many as 108/g (ml).
  • The large intestines (colon), with a pH of about 7, has as many microbes as the rumen, that is about 1011/g (ml).
  • Much of the digestion and absorbance of nutrients occurs in the colon as does the production of vitamins.
  • Indeed, the large number of microbes in the colon are a protective mechanism to help prevent disease as a pathogen must displace the indigenous microbial flora if it is to survive and grow in the colon.
  • Multiple factors impact the human gut microbiome (i.e. diet, nutrition, medication)
  • Debate over: Is the type of disease impacting what kind of microbiomes we have or is there a higher risk over certain diseases caused by certain microbes?
33
Q

Role of Microbiology in: Cell Biology

A
  • Microbes are useful tools in:
    1) Protein Expression
    ➣ Bacteria engineered to be protein making factories; quick replication
    ➣ Expressing protein and purifying them in large quantites to make treatments
    2) Understanding Cell Biology (exmp. Listeria monocytogenes)
    ➣ Intercellular bacteria
    ➣ Growth and replication inside cell
    ➣ Can become motile by polymerizing actin; uses that motility as a means of exiting the cell
34
Q

Role of Microbiology in: Studying Evolution

A
  • Example: E. Coli
  • Can evolve very quickly
  • Can thus be used as to study long-term evolution by using bacteria as a model
  • Lenski’s Experiment
    ➣ Used arabinose - By introducing arabinose into the medium, Lenski created an environment in which the bacteria had the opportunity to evolve the ability to metabolize this secondary carbon source.
    This addition of arabinose provided a selective pressure on the E. coli population. Over time, the bacteria that could utilize arabinose gained a fitness advantage in that specific environment compared to those that could not.
    ➣ E. Coli was used as the subject in this experiment becuase its evolution occurs very quickly
35
Q

Role of Microbiology in: History

A
  • Microbes are used to understand our history - paleomicrobiology
    ➣ Investigate origins or humans
    ➣ Can isolate DNA from human remains and sequence them back
    ➣ Find the causes of death that can be attributed to present bacteria; cna investigate different plague sequences that humans have died from - tracking the change of bacteria and people
    ➣ Microbes have also impacted our environment which has led to oxygen in our environment
36
Q

Role of Microbiology in: Industrial and Agricultural Applications

A
  • Industries look at how microbes metabolize
  • Microbes are essential to human food production but can also be the instruments of food spoilage
  • Microbes can produce different byproducts like: lactic acid bacteria and help with fermentation process of fermented foods
37
Q

1.

Role of Microbiology in: Bioremediation

A
  • Bioremediation is the process by which is the process of using microorganisms to clean up pollutants and contaminants in various environments.
  • Microorganisms have diverse metabolic capabilities that allow them to degrade a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds.
  • Certain bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms can metabolize pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, solvents, and even radioactive substances. Microbiology helps identify and select the appropriate microorganisms capable of metabolizing specific contaminants.
38
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • 1st person to see cells/microscopic objects
39
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • 1st person to see bacteria
  • 1st to call the bacteria - living
  • Saw bacteria as soley good bacteria
  • Considered the Father of Microbiology
40
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • Louis Pasteur is a prominent figure becuase he:
    ➣ saw that bacteria could be beneficial or detrimental
    ➣ Refuted Theory of Spontaneous Generation: claimed that cells do not just appear spontaneously.
    ➣ Instead created the origins of cell theory: that all cells come from previous cells
  • Louis Pasteur’s Accomplishments:
    1. Chirality
    2. Alcoholic Fermentation
    3. Pasteurization
    4. Prevention of Silkworm Disease
    5. Refutation of Spontaneous Generation
    6. Immunizatins for Chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
41
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Studied the relationships of microbes and disease: Germ Theory and Disease
  • Responsible for identifying the causative agents of Anthrax, Tuberculosis, and Cholera
  • Koch Postulates:
    ➣ Responsible for linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease
    ➣ Importance of Laboratory Culture of a possible infectious agent
42
Q

Ferinand Cohn

A
  • Discovered that some bacteria can form endospores
  • Endospores can be formed by differentiation from the mother cell
  • Made an early system for bacterial classification
  • Founder of the Field of Bacteriology
43
Q

Fanny Hesse

A
  • Developed Agar
  • Agar was used as a solidifying agent to help look at bacteria because it remains solid at high temperatures.
  • Before Gelatin was used but it was problematic becuase it was melt at temperatures above 30 deg C - this would result in everything melting all together
44
Q

Carl Woese

A
  • Defined Archaea by looking at genes within these microorganisms and found patterns
  • Used DNA sequences to identify different microorganisms
45
Q

Disease vs Infection

A
46
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Koch’s 4 Postulates
1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2. The suspected pathogen must be grow in pure culture
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

47
Q

Koch’s Experiment: Transmission fo Anthrax from Cows to Mice

A

**1. Selection of Anthrax-Stricken Cows: **Selected cows that were infected with anthrax.
**2. Collection of Blood Sample: **Blood-samples were collected from the cows.
**3. Inoculation of Mice: **Koch inoculated mice with the blood obtained from the anthrax-infected cows.
4. Observation of Disease Progession: After inoculation, Koch monitored for signs of infection in mice. The progression of anthrax in the mice was evidence that the transmission was successful from the cows.
**5. Confirmation of Anthrax in Mice: **Koch performed experiments on the deceased mice to confirm the presence of anthrax bacteria in their tissues and organs.
6. Importance: Causative relationship between a microorganism and a disease

48
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

Benijerinck and Winogradsky introduced idea of Chemolithotrophy: Oxidation of inorganic molecules by bacteria - was directly linked to energy conservation and growth
* Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds to yield energy: Demonstrated that the inorganic oxidation of ammonia provided energy for growth while CO2 provided the C source

49
Q
A

Microbiology (5 decks)

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