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Psychology 302 > Lecture 1: Intro to Nonverbal Communication (Parts 1 & 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to Nonverbal Communication (Parts 1 & 2) Flashcards

1
Q

6 basic facial expressions/emotions

A
  1. fear
  2. anger
  3. sadness
  4. happiness
  5. disgust
  6. surprise
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2
Q

which of the following statements is accurate?

a. facial expressions and their meanings are culturally determined through behavioural learning processes
b. there are 6 basic emotional expressions across the globe

A

b. there are 6 basic emotional expressions across the globe

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3
Q

macroexpressions vs microexpressions

A

macro- produced when emotions activated, often involve entire face, .5-4s
micro- initial portrayal of emotion (which we may then cover up), very rapid (

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4
Q

Accuracy in emotional recognition is associated with: (4)

A
  1. Sociocultural adjustment
  2. Mental health
  3. Negotiation effectiveness
  4. Workplace performance
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5
Q

t/f- verbal and nonverbal communication ALMOST ALWAYS exist together

A

true

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6
Q

t/f- dynamism is a critical component of nonverbal communication and verbal communication

A

true

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7
Q

nonverbal interactions

A

behaving without the use of words

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8
Q

t/f- NVC is often unconscious and difficult to volitionally control

A

true

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9
Q

t/f- ~60-70% of emotional meaning is transmitted nonverbally

A

true

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10
Q

communication

A

interactive process whereby people seek to induce some form of change in attitude, belief, or behavior.

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11
Q

existential divide in communication

A

even if we communicate as effectively as possible, there will always be some degree of a gap between what we communicate and what is understood

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12
Q 
statement 1: most communication is intentional
statement 2: intent is NOT necessary for communication to occur
which statement(s), if any, are true?
A

both are true

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13
Q

how does motivation play a role in how effectively we communicate?

A

plays important role- if we are motivated to communicate, communication will be more effective (eg. if you urgently need help, may shout, wave arms, etc)

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14
Q

explain how communication (verbal and NVC) is a reciprocal process

A

we expect that emotions/efforts we put into communication will be reciprocated

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15
Q 
statement 1: people who enter a convo and are relaxed typically end up communicating and disarming other people in interaction in a way that allows those people to be more relaxed
statement 2... BUT, if one person is v tight and another is v relaxed in a convo, this may be hard to resolve and maneuver into a smooth interaction 
which statement(s), if any, are true?
A

both are true

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16
Q

nonverbal communication

A

all of human communication with the exception of spoken or written words

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17
Q

Randall says “NVC is much broader than nonverbal behaviours.” Is he right? Explain.

A

he is right- NVC incorporates many things- appearance, location of your office, use of your time, etc- conveys things to people , even if you weren’t consciously trying to convey them

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18
Q

explain how environment plays a role in NVC

A

important source of info- sets expectations, context (eg. going for a date at a coffee shop vs a bar)

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19
Q

t/f- inanimate objects can communicate

A

true- eg. being in a lecture hall for 500 students with only 30 students vs being in a lecture hall for 30 with 30- will feel different in each room

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20
Q

communication occurs when…

a. someone intends for a message to be communicated
b. the receiver perceives intent

A

b. the receiver perceives intent

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21
Q

Malcolm is highly engaged in a conversation with Isaac, but Isaac is attempting to exit the conversation. What are each of their feet likely to be doing?

A

Malcolm- feet pointing towards Isaac

Isaac- feet pointing in the direction he wants to go to leave

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22
Q

in group conversations, people’s feet tend to be oriented towards…

a. the loudest speaker
b. the perceived dominant leader
c. the perceived most intelligent member
d. the most attractive member

A

b. the perceived dominant leader

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23
Q

when feeling anxious, vulnerable, ashamed, or hurt, people tend to place their hand on their ____

A

neck

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24
Q

symbol vs sign

A

symbol- indication/abstraction of something else (eg. a word in a language is a symbol for the thing it represents, can also be a gesture (eg. thumbs up))
sign- natural representations of an event/act (eg. yawning, rubbing eyes to indicate fatigue; holding head high with straight posture- exudes confidence)

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25
Q

verbal code is ____ (explicitly/implicit) and involves _____ (signs/symbols)- explain

A

explicit, symbols- uses phoneme strings that have no specific meaning, but meaning is derived from everyone understanding what the phoneme strings apply to/mean)

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26
Q

nonverbal code is ____ (explicitly/implicit) and involves _____ (signs/symbols)- explain

A

implicit, signs- conveys signs more than symbols (eg. rubbing eyes and yawning- conveys fatigue) BUT, nonverbal code can also communicate symbolically

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27
Q

t/f- nonverbal code can communicate both symbolically and non-symbolically (signs)

A

true

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28
Q

t/f- nonverbal communication includes norms and expectations that are typically imposed by society

A

true

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29
Q

approaches to NVC are typically identified by: (3)

A
  1. theoretical perspective
  2. discipline
  3. methodology
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30
Q

nurture approach to NVC

A

NVC communication norms are learned via society/education

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31
Q

nature approach to NVC

A

nonverbal behaviour is an innate product of our genetic structure

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32
Q

functional approach to NVC

A

has no assumptions re nature vs nurture, rather focuses on the types and functions of nonverbal communication

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33
Q

which of the 3 approaches to NVC is used by the following groups:

  • anthropologists and sociologists
  • psychologists and communication researchers
  • biological scientists
A
  • anthropologists and sociologists: nurture
  • psychologists and communication researchers: functional
  • biological scientists: nature
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34
Q

what does the methodology from a nature perspective in NVC look like?

A

observation of similarities in human and animal behaviours

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35
Q

what does the methodology from a nurture perspective in NVC look like?

A

observation of NVC occurring in groups over a period of time

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36
Q

what does the methodology from a functional perspective in NVC look like?

A

observation of specific functions of NVC to assess how they function in particular contexts

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37
Q

NVC may be conferred via…(3; general)

A
  1. characteristics of speaker
  2. characteristics of receiver
  3. features of situation
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38
Q

t/f- more conscientious individuals tend to have organized, neat, uncluttered rooms

A

true

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39
Q

____ characteristics encompass the static physical appearance of an individual or smell of an individual

A

physical

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40
Q

odor, proportion of eyes, and weight all fall into the category of _____ characteristics

a. physical
b. psychological
c. top-down

A

a. physical

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41
Q

endomorph

A

heavier, rounder, fatter- more sociable and pleasant

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42
Q

mesomorph

A

muscular, strong willed, leaders

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43
Q

ectomorph

A

this, frail, withdrawn, smart, nervous (simp)

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44
Q

which of the following is true of Sheldon’s end/ecto/mecomorph theory?

a. Hollywood/the media frequently cast actors in accordance with this theory
b. there is some, but limited, evidence of links between body type and personality
c. there is no evidence of links between body type and personality
d. A & B
e. A & C
f. none of these are true

A

e. A & C

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45
Q

odours send messages both consciously and unconsciously- explain each

A

conscious- intentionally administered scents (eg. perfume, cologne), as well as proper hygiene
unconscious- pheromones

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46
Q

t/f- only women give off pheromones

A

false

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47
Q

smell is considered our most emotional sensory modality. Using the terms “thalamus,” and “amygdala,” explain this statement

A
  • smell is only modality that doesn’t have to go through thalamus to form connections in amygdala (emotions)
  • rather, goes directly to amygdala from olfactory bulb
48
Q

which of the following is NOT an example of an artifactual clue?

a. jewelry
b. clothes
c. skin colour
d. glasses

A

c. skin colour

49
Q

t/f- our approach to NVC differs based on expectations that are guided by people’s physical characteristics

A

true

50
Q

NVC occurs through the dynamic actions of:

a. the body
b. the voice
c. the face
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

51
Q

5 nonverbal subcodes

A
  1. touch & space
  2. physical appearance
  3. gestures
  4. vocalics
  5. temporal communication
52
Q

according to the touch and space nonverbal subcode, within enviros, we structure the space around us in 2 important ways:

A
  1. we establish territories

2. we expect certain amounts of personal space

53
Q

proxemics

A

how much space we like to have between ourselves and others

54
Q

t/f- we tend to keep more distance with interlocutors when they are strangers (vs friends/fam)

A

true

55
Q

t/f- the physical appearance nonverbal subcode goes a long way in our interpretations of an individual and our expectations of how to interact with them

A

true

56
Q

within the gestures subcode, there are 6 fundamental gestures of behaviour: list and define:

A
  1. approach- flexion (pulling in (something positive) at many joints)
  2. withdrawal- extension- pushing away (from something negative)
  3. domination- moving upwards
  4. submission- moving downwards
  5. indicating- pointing
  6. dearousing maneuvers- repetitive, meaningless motions (eg. shaking legs) used to help control anxiety
57
Q

statement 1: we use vocalics to inform our perceptions of another person’s legitimacy (eg. in terms of what they are saying)
statement 2: we also use vocalics info (eg. voice tone) to appraise intelligence, masculinity, femininity, assuredness, cooperativeness, etc
statement 3: sounds and attributes like loudness, pitch, duration, articulation, silence, etc go a long way in informing our understanding of our vocalics and what this means in terms of NVC

which statement(s), if any, are true?

A

all true

58
Q

temporal communication subcode

A

chronimics- how we use time in NVC (eg. pauses when speaking)

59
Q

After Joe is done speaking, Donald immediately begins talking. On a separate instance, after Joe is done speaking, Jake waits a few seconds prior to responding. What are Donald and Jake each conveying with their temporal communication?

A

Donald- conveys that he is less understanding of what Joe was saying/his perspective
Jake- conveys he was listening and trying to understand Joe’s perspective

60
Q

3 functions of NVC

A
  1. defines communication (ie. provides backdrop for communication )
  2. regulates verbal communication (convos often regulated by subtle NVC (eg. smiling, nodding head))
  3. can be out message in and of itself (eg. smiling)
61
Q

Near the end of his talking point, Richard drops his voice tone and loudness. What might he be indicating to other people in the group who were listening?

A

that he is finishing talking and wants them to jump in

62
Q

t/f- people tend to be MORE aware of their NVC, when compared to VC

A

false- opposite

63
Q

t/f- NVC tends to be more covert than VC

A

true

64
Q

t/f- we have MORE control over NVC than VC

A

false- opposite

65
Q

t/f- VC tends to be more public than NVC (we tend to focus more on what people SAY vs their NVC)

A

true

66
Q

according to Ekman & Frieson, VC and NVC relate in 6 ways: (just list)

A

1) Substitute
2) Repeat
3) Contradict
4) Complement
5) Accent
6) Regulate

67
Q

substitution (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

idea that NVC can be substituted for VC (eg. chewing something and nodding when someone asks you a question instead of saying “yes”)

68
Q

repeating (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

saying something and simultaneously “repeating” it via NVC (eg. saying “no” and simultaneously shaking head from side to side)

69
Q

contradicting (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

when VC and NVC contradict each other- sarcasm goes into this category (eg. saying “this will be fun” while expressing disgust)

70
Q

complementing (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

when individuals provide additional info through NVC that helps supplement info conveyed through speech (eg. saying “I was at a parade” while waving hand in the air- this waving may suggest that you were holding/waving a flag at the parade)

71
Q

accenting (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

trying to emphasize certain elements in speech- typically indicated through up/down movements of hands, especially during important elements of utterances

72
Q

regulating (one of 6 ways that VC and NVC relate)

A

NVC can regulate VC (eg. nodding as someone is speaking indicates that you are listening and you want them to continue)

73
Q

the ___ hemisphere is specialized for abstract, logical, and analytic processing of information.

the ____ hemisphere is specialized for spatiotemporal, gestalt, and emotive forms of communication.

A

top: left
bottom: right

74
Q

t/f- hemispheres become more specialized (lateralization) over the course of development

A

true

75
Q

t/f- NVC is typically spontaneous, symbolic communication is typically linguistic (VC)

A

true

76
Q

NVC is described as “non propositional” compared to VC. What does this mean?

A

it doesn’t convey specific words, as opposed to propositional VC

77
Q

the basis of NVC is ____, and the basis of VC is ____

a. biological, social
b. social, biological
c. physical, psychological
d. psychological, physical

A

a. biological, social

78
Q

VC has a social basis, compared to NVC- what does this mean?

A

VC info is acquired through socialization (eg. we learn that “thumbs up” means “good”) (vs biological NVC where things like moving up to indicate dominance are innate in many species)

79
Q

statement 1: Children stand closer to one another when they are younger

statement 2: People who lose their hearing as they age will typically stand closer to you

which statement(s), if any, are true?

A

both are true

80
Q

t/f- NVC norms differ depending on age of people and context

A

true (eg. sitting in park and a random 2yo jumped onto your lap vs a random 50yo jumping on your lap)

81
Q

high context vs low context communication (define and state where each one is commonly used geographically)

A

high context- when majority of info is in the physical context, or internalized in the message

  • more indirect and ambiguous
  • more dependent on NV code
  • seen in Japan, South Korea

low context- when mass amounts of info are displayed in the explicit code

  • more direct, precise, clear
  • more dependent upon VC
  • used in Canada, USA
82
Q

how do collectivistic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in terms of NVC?

A

collectivist have more conformity in terms of dress styles and normative influences

83
Q

high power distance vs low power distance cultures

A
  • high power distance cultures- those who are more powerful are often in control, and their NVC behaviours reflect this
  • low power distance cultures- everyone treated as equals, even when significant status differences exist
84
Q

statement 1: males tend to overall ask more and longer questions, and typically ask the first question

statement 2: females talk more in private and this consists more of rapport talk, while male speech in public focuses on report talk

which statement(s), if either, are true?

A

both true

85
Q

in ____, men tend to talk more, and in ____ women tend to talk more

a. private, public
b. public, private
c. formal settings, informal settings
d. informal settings, formal settings

A

b. public, private

86
Q

which of the following are true? (2)

a. women interrupt more often with statements
b. women interrupt more often with questions
c. men interrupt more often with statements
d. men interrupt more often with questions

A

b. women interrupt more often with questions

c. men interrupt more often with statements

87
Q

t/f- No consistent sex differences have been found between men and women in regards to silence

A

true

88
Q

list and define the 3 types of interruptions

A
  1. positive- question asked to clarify what someone is saying, serves role of bolstering communication
  2. neutral- asides (eg. talking to someone at dinner and you say “please past the salt”- you are still listening, but want salt)
  3. negative- overlapse- someone is talking and someone else interrupts with their own perspectives- not listening anymore, just asserting their own opinions
89
Q

t/f- males interrupt more often overall (vs females) and interruption is often seen as a sign of dominance

A

true

90
Q

5 functions of silence

A
  1. establish interpersonal distance
  2. give silent treatment (show you are not interested in engaging with someone)
  3. putting your thoughts together
  4. show respect for someone else
  5. manipulative tool
91
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of facial expressions?

A

women reveal more emotions in facial expressions

92
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of posture/bearing?

A

women tend to be more relaxed, men tend to take up more space

93
Q

in terms of posture and bearing, women are more likely to use shrinkage behaviours- define

A

behaviours used to take up less space (eg. crossing legs)

94
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of eye contact?

A

women use more eye contact

95
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of gesturing?

A

males use more expansive gestures

96
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of clothing, grooming, and physical appearance?

A

women put more emphasis on these things, and society emphasizes them more for women

97
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of use of space (ie., being approached, physical contact)?

A

women are approached more closely, touched more in same sex interactions

98
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of vocalics? (hint: think early age and mother/child interactions)

A

female children start speaking earlier, and mothers vocalize more to female children

99
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of physiology (in terms of vocal characteristics)?

A

males have larger larynxes, longer/thicker vocal cords, but also more speech defects

100
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of vocal pitch?

A

males have lower pitch

101
Q

how do men and women differ in terms of speech volume?

A

males speak louder

102
Q

_____ are more accurate in interpretation of NVC cues, and are more responsive to NVC cues

a. men
b. women
c. both sexes are equal in this regard

A

b. women

103
Q

_____ thought emotions were biologically determined, and therefore universal across the globe

a. Darwin
b. Socrates
c. Wundt
d. Piaget

A

a. Darwin

104
Q

t/f- 38% of emotional meaning in message is vocal, 55% via facial expressions, and 7% is expressed verbally (93% total)

A

false- 60-70% of emotional meaning is NVC (more modern research suggests prior figure is too high)

105
Q

verbal code is explicit and symbolic (words = phoneme strings that have no inherent meaning). Meaning is derived by people around you understanding that certain phoneme strings apply to certain referents (things)- the exception to this is onomatopoeias- explain

A

word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes- therefore have some inherent meaning (eg. “meow”)

106
Q

out of the 3 theoretical approaches to NVC, which is the “correct” one?

a. nurture
b. nature
c. functional
d. there is no “correct” way to study NVC- all of these give their own unique lens to understanding NVC

A

d. there is no “correct” way to study NVC- all of these give their own unique lens to understanding NVC

107
Q

why are individuals from the Nurture perspective interested in studying groups?

A

believe NVC are learned socially (hence, groups)

108
Q

a researcher is interested in studying why students pick a certain seat in the lecture hall at the start of term, and then continue sitting there. Which perspective is the researcher likely from?

a. nurture
b. nature
c. functional

A

c. functional

109
Q

t/f- functionalists study greeting behaviours and how they are used in different contexts

A

true

110
Q

t/f- there is more overlap than divergence between the fields that study NVC (eg. sociology, psych, computer science, anthropology, etc)

A

true

111
Q

t/f- how we understand and form appraisals of others is largely contingent on what we observe about physical appearance and NVC techniques

A

true

112
Q

people with ___ (high/low) eyebrows and ____ (wide/narrow) eyes are often viewed as innocent

A

high, wide

113
Q

ovulating women prefer the scent of shirts worn by more ____ males

a. wealthy
b. symmetrical
c. emotional
d. impulsive

A

b. symmetrical

114
Q

t/f- infants can recognize smell of moms and show strong preference for items of smell that are associated with moms

A

true

115
Q

which of the following are true?

  1. people with glasses are often seen as being smarter
  2. jewelry sends messages re SES and marital status
  3. clothing sends messages re income and group membership
A

all 3

116
Q

nonverbal messages are transmitted through numerous NV channels (eg. facial expressions, gestures, vocal cues, posture, interpersonal distance, touching, gaze, etc)- why do we call these “channels”?

A

they are each capable of sending their own distinct messages, which also work collaboratively with the other channels

117
Q

when we become aware of our NVC and try to control it, what occurs?

a. nothing, since it will soon slip our minds
b. nothing, since we have very little formal training in NVC
c. this will change our NVC
d. a and b

A

c. this will change our NVC

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

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