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BMSC 220 > Lecture #14 > Flashcards

Lecture #14 Flashcards

1
Q

______ – the collective body of genetic information that is present in a species.

A

Genome

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2
Q

In 1865, ______ was the foundation for the science of genetics.

A

Mendel

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3
Q

Mendel crossbred plants through several generations and counted the number of individuals having various characteristics. He established the laws of _______ based on his studies of pea plants.

A

inheritance

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4
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions:
1. Characteristics of organisms are governed by units of inheritance called _____.
- Each trait is controlled by two forms of a gene called ______.
- Alleles could be _____ or _______.
- When alleles are nonidentical, the dominant allele ______ the recessive allele.

A

genes, alleles, identical, nonidentical, masks

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5
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions:
2. A reproductive cell (______) contains one allele for each trait.
- _______ cells arise by the union of male and female gametes.
- Two alleles controlling each trait are ______; one from each parent

A

gamete, Somatic, inherited

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6
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions:
3. The pairs of alleles are _______ (segregated) during gamete formation

A

separated

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7
Q

Mendel’s Conclusions:
4. Alleles controlling different traits segregate ________ of each (independent assortment).

A

independently

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8
Q

Following Mendel’s work, a number of biologists were concerned with the other aspect of heredity – its ______ basis within the cell

A

physical

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9
Q

Cytoplasm split ______ during cell division; Nuclear contents ______ split.

A

randomly, precisely

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10
Q

During cell division, the material of the nucleus became organized into visible threads which were named _________, meaning “colored bodies”

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

Chromosomes are present as pairs of ________ chromosomes

A

homologous

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12
Q

During meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs form a ______; then segregate into different cells

A

bivalent

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13
Q

Genes on the same chromosome do not assort independently and are part of the same _______ group

A

linkage

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14
Q

________: the tendency for alleles at loci that are close together to be inherited together

A

Linkage

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15
Q

Chromosomal behavior correlated with ?

A

Mendel’s laws of inheritance

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16
Q

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes within the same cell that share similar?

A

structural characteristics, length, shape, centromere position, and genetic content

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17
Q

Same genes are not necessarily same ______

A

alleles

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18
Q

These homologous pairs carry genes that correspond to the same ____ on the chromosome, meaning they hold the same set of genes

A

loci

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19
Q

Morgan only had available _____ type flies but one he developed his first _______, it became a primary tool for genetic research

A

wild, mutant

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20
Q

_______ was recognized as a mechanism for variation in populations

A

Mutation

21
Q

Alleles of two different genes originally on a given chromosome did not always remain together during ________

A

meiosis

22
Q

F. A. Janssens:
- Homologous chromosomes of ______ wrapped around each in meiosis
- Proposed this interaction resulted in the breakage and exchange of ______ and ______ chromosomal fragments
Termed cross-over or _______ ________

A

bivalents, maternal, paternal, genetic recombination

23
Q

Frequency of recombination indicates ______ and increases as distance _______.

A

distance, increases

24
Q

The closer two genes are to one another on a chromosome, the greater their chance of being inherited _______.
In contrast, genes located farther away from one another on the same chromosome were more likely to be ________ during recombination

A

together, separated

25
Q

The positions of genes along the chromosome (loci) can be _______ from recombination frequencies

A

mapped

26
Q

Exposure to a sub-lethal dose of X-rays increased the rate of _______ mutations → inducing mutations became a quicker method to study _____.

A

spontaneous, genes

27
Q

_______ chromosomes of Drosophila provided visual banding patterns correlated to gene positions

A

Polytene

28
Q

The mystery of DNA structure was investigated by a number of laboratories in both the United States and England in the early 1950s and was solved by ______ _______ and _______ ______ at Cambridge University in 1953

A

James Watson, Francis Crick

29
Q

_____ is the genetic material in all organisms

A

DNA

30
Q

The _______ is the building block of DNA

A

nucleotide

31
Q

It consists of a phosphate, a sugar, and either a ______ or ______ nitrogenous base

A

pyrimidine, purine

32
Q

Two different pyrimidines: _________ and ________
Two different purines: ________ and _________

A

thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A) guanine (G)

33
Q

Nucleotide features:
- Directional structure where the ends are called __ and ___.
- Linkage into nucleic acid polymers where sugars and phosphates form _________ bonds between a 5’ phosphate and 3’ sugar hydroxyl group.

A

5’, 3’, phosphodiester

34
Q

What are Chargaff rules of DNA base composition?

A

[A] = [T]
[G] = [C]
[A] + [T] ≠ [G] + [C]

35
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
1. DNA is composed of ____ chains of nucleotides.

A

two

36
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
2. These two chains form a spiral pair of ______-hand helices.

A

right

37
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
3. The two chains are ________, they run in opposite directions.

A

antiparallel

38
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
4. The sugar-phosphate backbone is the _______ of the molecule, and the bases are _______.

A

exterior, interior

39
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
5. Bases are ________ to sugar-phosphate backbone

A

perpendicular

40
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
6. DNA chains are held together by _______ bonds between bases

A

hydrogen

41
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
7. Double helix width __nm

A

2

42
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
8. Pyrimidines are always paired with _______

A

purines

43
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
9. Only A-T and C-G pairs fit within ______ helix

A

double

44
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
10. Molecule has a _____ groove and a _____ groove

A

major, minor

45
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
11. Complete turn is ___ base pairs

A

10

46
Q

There are 12 components of The Watson-Crick-Franklin Proposal:
12. _________ base sequences on each of the 2 strands

A

Complementary

47
Q

DNA was expected to fulfill three primary functions:
1. _____ of genetic information.
- A DNA segment would correspond to a gene, and the sequence would dictate the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

A

Storage

48
Q

DNA was expected to fulfill three primary functions:
2. _______ and _______ capability.
- During replication, hydrogen bonds of the DNA helix were broken, causing separation of the strands → templates for assembly of a complementary strand.

A

Replication, inheritance

49
Q

DNA was expected to fulfill three primary functions:
3. Expression of the genetic _______.

A

message

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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