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Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a biosphere?

A

the sum of all the world’s ecosystems - the entire portion of earth inhabited by life

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2
Q

what is “all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them”?

A

an ecosystem

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3
Q

what is “any of the world’s major ecosystem types, often classified according to predominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes and the physical environment for aquatic biomes and characterised by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment”?

A

a biome

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4
Q

what is a climate?

A

the long term prevailing weather conditions in an area

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5
Q

what are the four major physical components of climate?

A

temperature, precipitation (any form of water falling out of the sky), sunlight, wind

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6
Q

what determines global climate patterns?

A

solar energy, and earth’s movement in space

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7
Q

what does latitudinal mean?

A

relating to the position of a place north or south of the earth’s equator

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8
Q

what causes latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity?

A

the angle at which sunlight hits earth affects it’s intensity (intensity = “the amount of heat and light per unit of surface area”). same amount of light, but more radiation in the tropics and less at the poles

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9
Q

where is the intensity of sunlight the strongest?

A

in the tropics - this is where sunlight strikes the earth most directly
(between 23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude)

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10
Q

what establishes latitudinal variations in climate - temperature variations, circulation of air and water, and evaporation of water?

A

the warming effect of the sun

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11
Q

what determines seasonality?

A

the earth not being vertical relative to the sun

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12
Q

what causes currents?

A

air movements on the surface

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13
Q

how do large bodies of water moderate the climate of nearby land during the day vs at night?

A

day - air rises over warm land and draws a breeze from cooler water
night - the land cools, air rises over warmer water and draws cooler air from land back over water, which is replaced by warm air from offshore

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14
Q

how do mountains influence air flow over land, and affect climate in the surrounding area?

A

warm air cools as it rises up a mountain and releases moisture on the windward side, and cool dry air absorbs moisture from the land as it descends

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15
Q

the warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold - where is the air warmer?

A

at sea level

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16
Q

is the wet area on the costal side of the mountain, or the other side?

A

costal side

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17
Q

where is the rain shadow (lack of rain) found on mountains?

A

the leeward side, cute wee desert

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18
Q

mountains also affect the amount of sunlight reaching an area. in the southern hemisphere, do north or south facing slopes receive more sunlight?

A

north facing slopes receive more sunlight

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19
Q

every 1000m increase in elevation produces a temperature drop of approximately how much?

A

approximately 6 degrees celsius

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20
Q

what can terrestrial biomes be characterised by?

A

distribution
precipitation
temperature
animals
plants

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21
Q
  • relatively constant rainfall
  • temperature doesn’t vary much year round, just a few degrees difference
  • vertically layered, competition for light is intense
  • really tall trees have whole ecosystems tucked within them
  • highest animal diversity
  • threatened through deforestation for conversion to farmland, urban areas etc
A

tropical rainforest

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22
Q

distribution of tropical rainforests?

A

equatorial and subequatorial regions

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23
Q

what occurs in bands 30 degrees north and south of the equator, and in the interior of continents?

A

deserts

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24
Q
  • precipitation is low and highly variable, generally less than 30 cm a year
  • temperatures are variable seasonally and daily
  • can be hot or cold
  • plant adaptations include heat and desiccation tolerance, water storage, and reduced leaf surface area
  • animals often nocturnal, with adaptations for water conservation
A

deserts

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25
Q

what has a distribution of equatorial and subequatorial regions,, with seasonal precipitation with dry seasons lasting 8 to 9 months?

A

savannas

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26
Q
  • largely dry landscape for most of the year, but with a wet season to keep it going
  • warmer, for the most part
  • dominant plant species are fire adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought
  • human induced fires help maintain it
  • cattle ranching and overhunting threaten large mammal populations
  • large herbivores are common
  • dominant herbivores are insects??
A

savanna

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27
Q

what occurs in mid latitude costal regions on several continents (limited distribution, with highly seasonal precipitation (rainy winters, dry summers)?

A

heathlands

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28
Q
  • summer is hot (30 to 40 degrees)
  • autumn, winter, and spring are cool (10-12 degrees)
  • dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, herbs, many plants are adapted to fire and drought
  • animals include amphibians, birds and other reptiles, insects, burrowing mammals, and a diversity of small mammals
A

heathlands

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29
Q

what is more widespread, found on many continents, highly seasonal precipitation, winters a cold (often below -10, fuck that) and dry, hot, wet summers (around 30)

A

temperate grassland

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30
Q
  • interior (no costlands, think north america, mongolia)
  • the dominant plants, grasses and herbs, are adapted to droughts and fire
  • native animals include large grazers such as bison and wild horses, and small burrowers such as prairie dogs
  • mostly converted to farmland (rip)
A

temperate grassland

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31
Q

what spans northern america and urasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on earth?

A

northern coniferous forrest

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32
Q
  • precipiation varies, some have periodic droughts and others especially near the coasts are wet
  • winters are cold, summers are hot (eg siberia ranges from -50 to 20)
  • very productive, huge bird migrations from them
  • increase in fires with global warming, can get insect plagues
A

northern coniferous forrest (or taiga)

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33
Q

what has a distribution mainly at mid latitudes in the northern hemisphere, with smaller areas in chile, south africa, australia, and NZ?

A

temperate broadleaf forrest

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34
Q
  • significant amounts of precipitation fall during all seasons as rain or snow, winters average 0, summers are hot 35
  • a mature version has vertical layers, including a closed canopy, understory trees, a shrub layer, and a herb layer
  • dominant plants are deciduous trees in the northern hemisphere, and evergreen eucalyptus in australia
  • in NZ we have conifer (matai, miro, rimu, and totara, just stat listing tree halls honestly, beung taller trees of canopy and broadleaf trees growing beneath them
A

temperate broadleaf forest

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35
Q

what covers expansive areas of the arctic, and exists on high mountaintops of all latitudes?

A

tundra (arctic and alpine, slay)

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36
Q
  • annual precipitation is lower in arctic (20-60cm) than alpine (>100 cm)
  • winters are cold, below 30, summers are cool, around 10
  • vegetation is herbaceous, mosses, grasses, forbs, dwarf shrubs and trees, and lichen
  • permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of soil, restricts the growth of plant roots
  • mammals include musk oxen, caribou, reindeer, bears, wolves, and foxes, many migratory bird species nest in the summer
A

tundra

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37
Q

how are aquatic biomes characterised?

A

their physical and chemical environment

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38
Q

how to they differ to terrestrial biomes?

A

they show less latitudinal variation than terrestrial biomes, water is very stable thermally, so you get significantly smaller daily and seasonal gradients. they also cover most of earth

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39
Q

average salt concentration of marine biomes?

A

3%

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40
Q

average salt concentration of freshwater biomes?

A

0.1%

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41
Q

what is the largest marine biome, and what percentage of the earth’s surface does it cover?

A

75%

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42
Q

what factors influence fresh water biomes?

A

the surrounding terrestrial biome, patterns and speed of water flow, and climate

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43
Q

a similarity for both marine and fresh water biomes with depth?

A

Zonation - predictable differences that happen with depth

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44
Q

what is the photic zone?

A

where there is light, relatively shallow and primary production takes place. most organisms found here/

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45
Q

aphotic zone - what is this?

A

no light - this zone is massive. not much life. pressure increases the further you get down, and temp decreases but not by as much and will stabilise

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46
Q

how do communities in aquatic biomes vary?

A

in depth, light penetration, distance from shore, and position in the pelagic or benthic zone

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47
Q

where does the organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones, where a lot of the nutrients in the system end up?

A

benthic zone (sea floor)

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48
Q

what are the benthos?

A

the communities of organisms in the benthic zone

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49
Q

what is detritus?

A

dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

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50
Q

why is cold water more productive than warm water?

A

warm water holds less oxygen

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51
Q

what is the temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper layer called?

A

the thermocline

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52
Q

temperate and tropical lowland lakes - which has a seasonal thermocline, and which is year round?

A

temperate - seasonal, tropical - year round

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53
Q

what kind of lake is nutrient poor and oxygen rich?

A

oligotrophic

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54
Q

what kind of lake is nutrient rich and oxygen poor

A

eutrophic

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55
Q

what depletes oxygen in wetlands?

A

rapid organic production and decomposition

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56
Q

what are among the most productive biomes on earth?

A

wetlands

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57
Q

Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, and flaxes
are home to diverse invertebrates, amphibians and birds, as well as mammals such as otters and reptiles such as alligators (overseas)
purify water and reduce flooding
Humans have destroyed up to 90% in Europe, and New Zealand

A

wetlands

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58
Q

primary producers in esturies?

A

saltmarsh grasses and alge

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59
Q

what biome covers 70% of the earth’s surface, with phytoplankton that accounts for 50-85% of the photosynthesis on the earth?

A

ocean pelagic zone

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60
Q

what do corals require?

A

high oxygen concentrations, substrate for attachment

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61
Q

what is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions called?

A

metabolism

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62
Q

what do anabolic pathways do?

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simple ones

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63
Q

first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy of the universe is constant

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64
Q

what are catabolic pathways?

A

energy releasing

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65
Q

second law of thermodynamics?

A

we live in an incredibly unstable state (mood)

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66
Q

does every energy transfer or transformation increase or decrease entropy?

A

increase

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67
Q

true or false - unlike energy, are chemical elements continually recycled within an ecosystem?

A

true

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68
Q

what are detritivores?

A

decomposers, heterotrophs that derive their energy from detritus, nonliving organic matter

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69
Q

what are the main detritioves?

A

prokaryotes and fungi

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70
Q

what is the posistion an organism occupies in the food chain called?

A

it’s trophic level

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71
Q

true or false - Only a small fraction of solar energy actually strikes photosynthetic organisms, and even less is of a usable wavelength?

A

yup

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72
Q

how is GPP (global net primary production) measured?

A

the conversion of energy from light or chemicals to the chemical energy of organic molecules per unit time

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73
Q

what is net primary production (NPP)?

A

GPP minus energy used by autotrophs for respiration

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74
Q

true or false - is NPP (net primary production) the amount of new biomass in a given period, as opposed to the total biomass of autotrophs, and is it only available to consumers?

A

true

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75
Q

what are among the most productive ecosystems per unit area?

A

tropical rainforests, estuaries, coral reefs

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76
Q

how productive are marine ecosystems, and how much do they contribute to global net primary production?

A

not very productive, but contribute a lot due to size

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77
Q

two factors that affect primary production in aquatic ecosystems?

A

light limitation, and more importantly nutrient limitation

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78
Q

two climate variables to predict NPP in terrestrial ecosystems?

A

temperature and precipitation

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79
Q

energy transfer between trophic levels is typically how efficient?

A

10% - 90% is lost

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80
Q

how are the inverted biomass pyramids in some aquatic ecosystems possible?

A

depends on how rapidly you breed and how long you live - small standing biomass constantly replenishing itself, supporting larger biomass

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81
Q

what is the amount of chemical energy in consumers food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period called?

A

the second production of an ecosystem

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82
Q

why are nutrient cycles called biogeochemical cycles?

A

because they contain both biotic and abiotic components

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83
Q

what gasses occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally?

A

gaseous carbon, oxygen, sulphur, and nitrogen

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84
Q

what are the two characteristics that define the main reservoirs of elements?

A

whether they contain organic or inorganic materials
whether those materials are directly available for use by organisms

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85
Q

what is in reservoir A - organic organisms, and detritus?

A

stuff that has already been passed through at least a primary producer, meaning another organism can make use of those nutrients

86
Q

what is in reservoir B - organic, and unaviable?

A

results of anaerobic (low oxygen) environments, like peat and coal

87
Q

what is in reservoir C - inorganic, and available?

A

its available to the autotrophs (primary producers)

88
Q

what is in reservoir D - inorganic, unavailable?

A

minerals, rocks - needs erosion to become available, or mining for humans

89
Q

how much of the biosphere’s water does the ocean contain?

A

97%

90
Q

how much of the biosphere’s water does the polar ice caps and glaciers contain?

A

2%

91
Q

what percentage of all the earth’s water is freshwater?

A

1%

92
Q

how does water move?

A

through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater - it’s abiotic, but also biotic (up through tree trunks and out through plant leaves)

93
Q

Key Processes in Nitrogen Cycle?

A

Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4 + by ammonification, and NH4 + is decomposed to NO3 – by nitrification

94
Q

Denitrification meaning?

A

a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3 – ) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2 ) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products

95
Q

why is nitrogen biologically important?

A

a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids

96
Q

where is the main reservior of nitrogen?

A

the atmosphere, in N2 form, but it has to be converted to ammonium or nitrate via nitrogen fixation by bacteria for uptake by plants

97
Q

what is the most important form of inorganic phosphorus, ans where is it found?

A

phosphate, largely found in sedimentary rocks of marine origin, soil, the oceans, and organisms

98
Q

human impacts on gas stuff?

A

increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, and nitrogen levels in the biosphere

99
Q

what does the rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in?

A

speciation and extinction rates

100
Q

what gave rise to the unique biotia of NZ?

A

continental drift, and isolation influenced speciation events and extinctions

101
Q

what does a topography map show?

A

how high or low the land is, has an influence on the local environment so you can build a picture form that rainfall wise

102
Q

what is the pre human vegetation map based on?

A

a combination of rainfall and topography, lots of forestation slayyy

103
Q

contiental crust - describe

A

thick and old

104
Q

oceanic crust - describe

A

thin and young

105
Q

how is heat in the earth formed?

A

pressure

106
Q

what are formed by the melting of the crust around borders between plates, giving a subduction zone (one going under the other)?

A

volcanoes / volcanism

107
Q

types of boundaries geologically?

A
  • divergent (leaving each other)
  • convergent (one goes under the other)
  • transform (one goes to the left, one goes to the right but on same level
108
Q

what type of boundary gives fault lines?

A

transform boundaries

109
Q

how many times has earth formed supercontinents?

A

three

110
Q

1 billion years ago was the first supercontinent, then 600 million, then 250 million - this was pangaea. what did this split to form, and which was zealandia a part of?

A

pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana, Zealandia was a part of Gondwana

111
Q

when did Zealandia start to break away from Gonwana?

A

83 mya

112
Q

what two tectonic plates is NZ a junction of?

A

the australian plate and the pacific plate

113
Q

what happens in the north with the australian and the pacific plate?

A

the pacific plate goes under the australian plate

114
Q

what happens in the south with the australian and the pacific plate?

A

the australian plate goes under the pacific plate

115
Q

the ogliocene drowning - most of current nz, or even almost all, was submerged during the oligocene epoch. when was this?

A

33.9 to 23.03 mya

116
Q

how do we know NZ was almost all covered in water?

A

nz is covered in limestone deposits, which are formed by deposition of marine organisms - the calcium carbonate from their shells

117
Q

in what way was the geopraphy of NZ different 20,000 years ago (ie in the last glacial maximum)?

A

there was more exposed land area, due to the water being locked up in glaciers - sea level was 100m lower, reaching the edge of the contiental shelf

118
Q

volcanoes have been active for around 25 million years, but many are far more recent. what part of NZ is in a volcanic zone?

A

auckland is on a volcanic zone - last 200,000 years

119
Q

which volcanic zone was over the last 1.6 million years, and which lake is a giant collapsed caldera formed by repeated, massive explosions?

A

lake taupo, central north island

120
Q

what happened 150 mya?

A

NZ started off as part of gondwana

121
Q

what happened 83 mya?

A

sea floor spreading begins seperating zealandia from gondwana

122
Q

what happened 25 mya?

A

subsidense and extensive drowning in the Oliogocene

123
Q

what happened 5 mya

A

recent mountain formation through uplift at plate boundaries and volcanoes

124
Q

what happened 2.6 million to 12K years ago?

A

pulsing of warm and cool periods affected sea levels and connections between north and south islands

125
Q

what happened less than 25k years ago?

A

recent volcanism obliterated large areas of vegetation

126
Q

what are the three historically important explanations of how NZ acquired it’s array of species?

A
  • continential drift - before 83 mya
  • land bridges - NZ islands
  • transoceanic dispersal - flying, floating
127
Q

what drifted out with zealandia?

A

gondwanan flora - means it’s vicariant in origin

128
Q

when was pre human NZ?

A

1000AD

129
Q

how much of NZ was forested pre human?

A

90%

130
Q

what was the predominant forest type in each region of NZ pre human?

A

north island - podcarp-broadleaf
south island - beech forests

131
Q

destinctive features in our fauna?

A

flightlessness and gigantism (typical island behaviour)

132
Q

how many species of birds in NZ?

A

245

133
Q

skinks and geckos species number?

A

100

134
Q

Kiwi x 5

  • Moa x 9
  • NZ geese x 2
  • Chatham Island duck
  • Penguins x 7 * Adzebill
  • Snipe-rail
  • Chatham Island Rail
  • Hawkin’s Rail
  • Weka
  • Hodgen’s Waterhen
  • Takahe x 2
  • Kakapo
  • Stout-legged & * Long-billed Wrens
    what do these dudes have in common?
A

flightlessness

135
Q

haast eagle, new zealand geese, takahe, kakapo, moa, azebill - common feature?

A

gigantism

136
Q

how did humans arrive in NZ, and where from?

A

in sea faring waka, from the eastern pacific somewhere

137
Q

how do we know when humans arrived?

A
  • dating charcoal from forest burning (dating changes in forestation)
  • rapid landscape transformation
  • dating rat gnawed seeds
138
Q

when was NZ colonised (dated from charcoal and rat gnawed seeds)?

A

1280 AD

139
Q

when was the archaic period?

A

1300-1500 ya

140
Q

otago region was the node of maori cultural development during this time, with settlements within 10km of the coast. it was common for people to establish small temorary camps far inland for seasonal hunting. settlements ranged in size from 40 to between 300-400 people. remarkable for the lack of weapons and fortifications. which period?

A

archaic

141
Q

classic period - time frame?

A

1500-1642 ya

142
Q

colder climate, earthquakes in the southern alps and wellington, tsunamis, loss of food resources, and associated changes in settlements (fortified pa) and culture….. which period?

A

classic - if it straight up sounds like it was not a good time, it’s probably classic

143
Q

there were estimated to be around 1million moa when they came to NZ - how long were they hunted for, and how long until they became extinct?

A

hunted for just 150 years, extinct in 200

144
Q

species that went extinct but replaced by a slightly different species later on?

A

yellow eyed penguins and sea lions

145
Q

what species became extinct during either the archaic or classic periods of Maori history?

A

the north island goose :(

146
Q

extensive changes to landscape through use of fire, loss of 6.7 million hectares of forest. loss of the terrestrial megafauna and ground dwelling bird life (38 species) - which period?

A

Archaic period

147
Q

human occupation after 1642 - european contact time
- abel tasman 1642 (didn’t land)
- James Cook 1769 (typical james)
- late 1700’s onwards, regularly visited
settled extensively in 1800s.
what were the direct european impacts?

A

forest destruction to make way for farms, 1840s onwards (lost another 8 million hectares between 1840’s-2000s, mostly lowland or easily accessable confier/broadleaf forest, 90% loss of wetlands

148
Q

the bigger european impact was introduction of predatory mammals - how many species wiped out?

A

16

149
Q

other extinctions - 1 species of fish (New Zealand grayling, 1930)

  • 6 species of terrestrial mollusc
  • 1 species of insect (Mecodema ground beetle endemic to Stephens Island, 1931) Vast declines in harvested species
  • Whales and seals
    when did these happen?
A

post european

150
Q

what was the most significant economic activity for europeans for the first 40 years of the 19th century

A

whaling - first sperm whales from visiting ships, then right whales by shore based whalers

151
Q

perano’s of tory chanel - how many whales did they catch between 1911 and 1964?

A

4200 (mainly humpback)

152
Q

what did european colonisation result in?

A

a second wave of habitat destruction and the introduction of mammalian predators, not the goods

153
Q

Māori colonisation of Aotearoa in about 1280 was followed by a wave of habitat change and species loss, principally of food species but also through predation by kiore.

A

mmmm

154
Q

te ao maori

A

the maori world

155
Q

matauranga maori

A

maori knowledge

156
Q

Whanaungatanga (whakapapa)

A

kinship

157
Q

Kaitiakitanga

A

guardianship: “… is the obligation, arising from the kin relationship, to nurture or care for a person or thing.”

158
Q

Taonga

A

Treasure: “… where kaitiaki obligations exist, they do so in relation to taonga – that is, to anything that is treasured.”

159
Q

true or false - does taonga include tangible things such as land, waters, plants, wildlife, and cultural works as well as intangible things such as language, identity, culture, including the maroi knowledge word starting with m itself?

A

yupppp

160
Q

what is Mātauranga Māori - maori knowledge?

A

the combined knowledge of polynesion ancestors and the experiences of maori living in the environment of NZ

160
Q

what is Mātauranga Māori - maori knowledge?

A

the combined knowledge of polynesion ancestors and the experiences of maori living in the environment of NZ

161
Q

Foundations of the concepts of Whanaungatanga and whakapapa

Considerable navigational expertise

A culture familiar with resource management

A knowledge system with strong foundation in observation of the natural environment (knowledge of animal behavours that fed into navigational skills, had an idea that new zealand existed due to migration habits of birds, whales etc, maroi calendar is based on ecological seasonal cycles)

A suite of taonga species

where did all this come from?

A

Mātauranga (knowledge) from the Pacific

162
Q

when did Kuri go extinct, and why?

A

1860s, possibly as a result of interbreeding with european dogs

163
Q

what were kuri used for?

A

food (but only for important people, clothing, jewellery, tools, hunting, ritual

163
Q

what were kuri used for?

A

food (but only for important people, clothing, jewellery, tools, hunting, ritual

164
Q

taonga species that were actively relocated?

A

karaka, hebe, rengarenga, flax snails, toheroa (the random pipi things)

165
Q

what is increasingly recognised as being a critical part of our understanding and management of New Zealand’s environment and wildlife, both natural and exotic?

A

matauranga maori

166
Q

biodiversity definition introduced at a resource management concept at the Rio Earth summit in 1992?

A

“the variety of life”

167
Q

how much of the original 85-90% of NZ that was forested remains today?

A

23% (and mostly in hill country that is not suitable for farming)

168
Q

which whole groups of animal species common in other land masses are absent or very poorly represented in NZ?

A

land mammals - we only have bats
ants
snakes and igauanaids - occasional sea snake, but no evidence either has ever lived here
crocodiles and turtles - found in the fossil record, but died out over 15 mya as the climate cooled

169
Q

plants and animals that exist only in one geographic location, and has nothing to do with previous distribution?

A

endemic

170
Q

a species that is found in a certain ecosystem due to natural processes, such as natural distribution and evolution

A

native (endemic is a subset of native)

171
Q

what’s another word for an introduced species?

A

exotic

172
Q

how many native species of animal are there in NZ?

A

20,000 - mostly invertebrates, especially insects

173
Q

what NZ species has the most biodiversity, and how many species do we have of it?

A

beetles, 6000

174
Q

what is a high species count internationally, and we have in NZ?

A

land snails - 1000

175
Q

NZ’s native fauna has high levels of endemism - of the 168 species of bird native to NZ, how many are endemic?

A

93

176
Q

what species do we have that’s basal in the global biodiversity tree for it’s species?

A

frogs :)))

177
Q

how many different species of dolphin are found around NZ’s coast?

A

9

178
Q

how many of the world’s whale and dolphin species are found in NZ waters?

A

almost half

179
Q

when did whaling start and finish in NZ?

A

started late 18th century, continued until 1965

180
Q

what species was 19th century whaling based on?

A

southern right whale and sperm whale

181
Q

what was 20th century whaling based on?

A

humpback whale

182
Q

how many penguins did Joseph hatch boil to extract oil for lamps?

A

3 million - there were only 4000 left

183
Q

two examples of species that self introduced? (NZ does not just lose species, it periodically receives new ones)

A

welcome swallows, spur winged plovers (masked lapwing)

184
Q

NZ has the highest proportion of threatened indegenous species in the world - what proportion of NZ’s ecosystems are threatened to collapse?

A

2/3

185
Q

extinction is a natural phenomenon, but the current rate of extinction is causing a biodiversity crisis - what is the current extinction rate?

A

100 to 1000 times the background extinction rate

186
Q

what time period is meant by the anthropocene

A

the current time period we are living in

187
Q

the mass of humans is an order of mangnitude higher than all wild animals - how much greater is human biomass compaed to the biomass of all other mammals combined?

A

10X

188
Q

what percentage of terrestrial vertebrate biomass do humans and their livestock account for?

A

95%

189
Q

the biomass of our chickens is how much higher than wild birds?

A

3x higher

190
Q

What is nature worth to us?

A

Estimated US 123 trillion dollars worth of services a year, while also helping to ensure the supply of fresh air, clean water, food, energy, medicines, and much more.

191
Q

What is nature worth to us?

A

Estimated US 123 trillion dollars worth of services a year, while also helping to ensure the supply of fresh air, clean water, food, energy, medicines, and much more.

192
Q

The 2020 global living planet index shows an average ….. fall in populations of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish between 1970 and 2016.

A

68% fall

193
Q

what was the percentage of crop diversity that dropped in the last 20 years?

A

75%

194
Q

how much of the earth’s shallow water coral were lost in the past 50 years?

A

50%

195
Q

how much of the amazon, the lungs of the planet, have been lost in the past 50 years?

A

a fifth

196
Q

true or false - human population increase of 225,624 more people every single day (9,401 every hour)?

A

true

197
Q

biggest threats to biodiversity?

A

habitat loss due to agriculture and overexploitation

198
Q

most of the species that have ever lived are now extinct, and extinction can be caused by changes to a species biotic or abiotic environment - slay or nay?

A

slay (literally)

199
Q

which one was the most severe mass extinction in earth’s history, wiped out a bunch of sessile filter feeders? - killed 96% of marine animals and 70% of terrestrial life

A

permian extinction

200
Q

which one was caused by several factors like extreme volcanism in siberia, global warming and ocean acidification from the volcaonoe CO2, anoxic conditions resulting from nutrient enrichment of ecosystems

A

permian extinction

201
Q

which one wiped out the dinosaurs, more than half all marine species and etc

A

cretacous

202
Q

6th mass extinction event - what’s it called?

A

holocene extinction - us (since around 10,000 bc)

203
Q

what is the most obvious and the focus of much conservation work?

A

species diversity

204
Q

what is the basis for the two arguments surrounding biodiversity loss?

A

moral (biophilia) vs utilitarian

205
Q

what is the key factor driving an extinction vortex?

A

the loss of the genetic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change (small populations)

206
Q

sustainability defintion?

A

meeting the needs of the present without comprimising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

207
Q

how much is the atmospheric carbon number rising per year?

A

1%

208
Q

how much higher is the impact of methane compared to CO2?

A

23 times higher

Global Biomes and Nutrient Cycles (4 decks)

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