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COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY > Lecture 17: Development Of Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Development Of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the critical period for neural development?

A

3 weeks gestation - 16 weeks gestation

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2
Q

When is the critical developmental period for the heart?

A

3 weeks gestation - 6.5 weeks gestation

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3
Q

When is the critical developmental period for the lower limbs?

A

4 weeks gestation - 7.5 weeks gestation

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4
Q

When during development do major developmental abnormalities occur?

A

3 weeks gestation - 8 weeks gestation

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5
Q

When during development do functional and minor developmental abnormalities occur?

A

8 weeks gestation to birth

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6
Q

When does neurulation begin?

A

3rd week gestation

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7
Q

During the 3rd week gestation, neurulation begins with the notochord inducing what?

A

Neural plate formation

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8
Q

What supplement taken during pregnancy can prevent neural tube disorders?

A

Folic acid

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9
Q

What is the root cause of spina bifida disorders?

A

Caudal end of neuropore didn’t close correctly

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10
Q

What is the root cause of encephalocele disorders?

A

Rostral end of neuropore didn’t close correctly

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11
Q

When do the rostral and caudal neural pores close?

A

Rostral neural pore = day 25

Caudal end = day 28

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12
Q

What is gray matter made up of?

A

Cell bodies or unmyelinated axons

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13
Q

What is the lateral horn of the spinal cord responsible for?

A

Autonomics -> sympathetics from T1-L2/3 and parasympathetics from S2-S4

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14
Q

What is the dorsal funiculus of white matter responsible for?

A

Sensory

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15
Q

What is the lateral funiculus of white matter responsible for?

A

Sensory and motor

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16
Q

What is the anterior funiculus of white matter responsible for?

A

Primary motor

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17
Q

The spinal cord forms from the neural tube caudal to the _________ pair of somites

A

4th

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18
Q

What separates the spinal cord into the 2 plates and what are the plates?

A

Sulcus limitans -> alar and basal plate

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19
Q

What are the alar and basal plates responsible for?

A 
Alar = sensory 
Basal = motor
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20
Q

What are the 3 zones of the spinal cord?

A

1) ventricular zone = right next to canal
2) Intermediate zone (mantle layer) = brain mater
3) Marginal zone = axons and funiculi

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes are found in which spinal cord zone?

A

Marginal zone

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22
Q

Which spinal cord zone gives rise to things found in gray matter?

A

Intermediate zone

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23
Q

Which spinal cord zone contains stem cells?

A

Ventricular zone

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24
Q

The ventricular zone of the spinal cord contains choroid plexus cells, what is their function?

A

To secrete CSF

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25
Q

What is the position of the spinal cord in newborns versus adults?

A

Newborn: L2 or L3
Adult: L1 or L2

26
Q

What cell type gives rise to spinal ganglion cells and sensory neurons in the periphery?

A

Neural crest cells

27
Q

Where would you perform a spinal tap on a newborn infant versus an adult?

A

Newborn: L4-L5
Adult: L3 - L4

28
Q

What signaling molecules are secreted by the roof plate of the neural tube?

A

BMP’s

29
Q

What portion of the neural tube secretes Shh?

A

The floor plate and the notochord which is dorsal to the neural tube

30
Q

What signaling molecules are activated by high BMP levels and what type of differentiation does this cause?

A

Activates PAX3 and PAX7 leading to sensory neuron differentiation at the alar plate

31
Q

What signaling molecules do high levels of Shh activate and what does this cause the formation of?

A

Activates NKX2.2 and NKX6.1 leading to ventral neuron formation (basal plate)

32
Q

Jus dorsal to where high Shh levels are secreted by the neural tube, there are slightly lower levels of Shh and higher levels of BMP. What signaling molecules does this activate and cause the formation of?

A

Activates NKX6.1 and PAX6 causing formation of ventral motor neurons

33
Q

Ventral motor neurons produced by NKX6.1 and PAX6 signaling molecules forms what structures?

A

Part of the sciatic and femoral nerves that go and innervate skeletal muscles

34
Q

Cells that develop from the neural tube are?

A
  • Motor neurons

- Pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons

35
Q

The neural crest and ectodermal placode form the?

A

PNS

36
Q

Where are GSE nerves found?

A

GSE = General somatic efferent and are found in somatic muscle

37
Q

Where are GVE nerves found?

A

GVE = General visceral efferent and are found in autonomics to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

  • Sympathetics and parasympathetic
38
Q

What classification of nerve fibers are found in the sciatic and femoral nerves?

A

GSE -> general somatic efferent

39
Q

Where are GSA nerves found?

A

GSA = general somatic afferent -> sensory in the skin, joint capsule, tendon, muscle

Structures that come from ectoderm or came from mesoderm that was very close/adjacent to ectoderm

40
Q

What classification of sensory inputs can you localize?

A

GSA -> General somatic afferent

  • These are what you sense when something touches you
41
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the CNS versus PNS and where do they come from?

A

CNS: Oligodendrocytes from neuroectoderm
PNS: Schwann cells from neural crest cells

42
Q

When do oligodendrocytes begin myelinating axons and where do they start?

A

6th month through puberty; starts in lower brain stem (older tracts first)

43
Q

When do schwann cells begin myelinating axons and where do they start?

A

4th month -> motor roots are myelinated before sensory roots

  • This is when mom can start to feel the baby kick because the axons are being myelinated
44
Q

Why do babies learn to walk and crawl during the first postnatal year?

A

Because myelination of axons continues into the first postnatal year so axons are becoming myelinated and can work faster allowing for these new movements

45
Q

What is Hirshprungs disease?

A

AKA megacolon; caused by a defect in the neural crest cells specifically in postganglionic parasympathetics that dont migrate appropriately or get into the walls of Th eorgans and parastalsis cant occur so you get megacolon

46
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system arise?

A

Cranial-sacral region

  • Cranial nerves in cranial region and 2nd-4th sacral spinal nerves (GVE)
47
Q

Ganglia and postganglion cells come from what?

A

Neural crest

48
Q

Preganglionic cells come from what?

A

Neuroectoderm

49
Q

Where are sympathetic nerve fibers located?

A

In the spinal cord in the thoraco-lumbar region -> T1-L2/3

50
Q

Parasympathetic fibers in the cranial region travel with which spinal nerves?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

  • These CN’s carry parasympathetics from the brainstem
51
Q

What are sensory neurons of the femoral nerve derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

52
Q 
Which of the following cells is not derived from the ventricular zone of the neural tube?
A) Oligodendrocyte
B) Astrocyte 
C) Schwann cell 
D) Ependymoblast
E) Glioblast
A

C) Schwann cell

53
Q 
Preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies develop from:
A) Neural crest 
B) Mesoderm 
C) Alar plate
D) Basal plate
A

D) Basal plate

54
Q

Cells that develop from the neural crest include?

A
  • Neurons of dorsal root ganglia
  • Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
  • Schwann cells
  • Sympathetic ganglia
  • Parasympathetic ganglia
55
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinate _______, while Schwann cels myelinate _______?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes = myelinate axons of marginal zone (CNS)

- Schwann cells = myelinate axons in PNS

56
Q

Where are GVA (general visceral afferent) found?

A
  • Sensory of visceral structures
  • Endoderm (or mesoderm close to the endoderm)
  • GI, intestines, lungs
57
Q

What is the root cause of Hirschprung’s Disease?

A
  • Defect in neural crest cells, specially the post-ganglionic parasympathetics.
  • Peristalsis can’t occur, causing a mega-colon.
58
Q

Which component of the meninges is derived from neural crest cells?

A

Leptomeninges

59
Q

What germ layers are he meninges derived from?

A

Mesoderm

60
Q

A pregnant pt presents with markedly elevated levels of alpha feto rotein and rreports that she has not been taking pre-natal vitamins of any type. What condition is the fetus at risk for due to failure of closure of the rostral neuropore?

A

Anecephaly

COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY (23 decks)

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