Lecture 17: Reptiles

Question 1

Reptiles

Answer 1

More diverse and dominant in the mesozoic
ectotherm species

Question 2

egg with amnion

Answer 2

A thin membrane with fluid that protects the embryo. Egg=food+shell

Question 3

Avoidance of desiccation

Answer 3

skin with scales, heavier, thicker and non permeable, prevents desiccation and helps with predators.
Excrete highly concentrated urine to minimize water loss

Question 4

copulatory organ

Answer 4

Internal fertilization is now mandatory, reproduction organs are now cloaca

Question 5

Upgraded jaws + Skeleton

Answer 5

more efficient chewing with potential for bigger and wider variety of prey
they can now grow larger and heavier bodies

Question 6

Diapsids

Answer 6

2 termporal openings

Question 7

Synapsids

Answer 7

1 temporal opening
several extinct such as therapsids( an ancestor to mammals)

Question 8

Anapsids

Answer 8

0 temporal openings
Turtles
oviparous species
shell: evolved for protection
dorsal carapace and ventral plastron
Carapace= vertebrae+ribs fused

Question 9

Land turtles

Answer 9

Can retract head and have strong walking legs

Question 10

Sea turtles

Answer 10

Cannot retract head, and limbs are modifies to flippers

Question 11

lizards (diapids)

Answer 11

very diverse
most have four legs
some can detach tail
some can change colour
some are very large

Question 12

Crocodiles and alligators

Answer 12

Largest living reptiles
all tropical except americal alligator
Crocodiles known for their ability to keep eyes and ears above water
Can live up to 70 years

Question 13

Snakes (diapsids)

Answer 13

Very diverse
Derived from lizards
boas and pythons are most primitive
snakes are known for their venom

Question 14

Neurotoxins

Answer 14

Stop breathing and heartbeat

Question 15

Hemotoxins

Answer 15

Cause blood cloth

Question 16

Birds (5 inovations)

Answer 16

1. feathers
2. fly skeleton and muscles
3. tempral regulation
4. respiration
5. reproduction and behavior

Question 17

Archaeopteryx

Answer 17

1. jaws with teeth
2. long reptile like tail
3. claw fingers
4. feathers
5. bird like beak
6. wishbone and forlimbs

Question 18

Feathers

Answer 18

Derived from reptile scales

Question 19

Flight feathers

Answer 19

Strong, cover and support wings

Question 20

Contour wings

Answer 20

Weak, keeo and regulate heat

Question 21

Pneumatized Skeleton

Answer 21

Bones are porous, strong and light-weight

Question 22

Flight muscles

Answer 22

Vertebrae fused to ribs with a sternum and a keel for flight muscle attachment

Question 23

Bird skull

Answer 23

Fused in one piece
, jaws lack teeth

Question 24

Endothermic

Answer 24

Body generates own heat

Question 25

Homothermic

Answer 25

Body maintains constant temperature

Question 26

Respiration and air sacs

Answer 26

well developed lungs and blood irrigation, air sacs that serve as reservoir for fresh air

Question 27

Bird reproduction and behaviour

Answer 27

Birds reduce certain organs to minimize heat, only left ovary and oviduct are present in females

Question 28

Bird behavior

Answer 28

Great brain for balance, hearing and visual, visual displays for sexual selection