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Physiology, neurobiology and cell signalling > Revisit!!! Lecture 18: Breathing and ventilation > Flashcards

Revisit!!! Lecture 18: Breathing and ventilation Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

How many phases is rhythmic breathing compromised of?

A

3

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3
Q

What 3 phases is rhythmic breathing compromised of?

A
  • Inspiration
  • Post-inspiration
  • Expiration
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4
Q

Describe inspiration

A
  • It is active
  • It is initiated by the activation of nerves to the inspiratory muscles.
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5
Q

Describe post-inspiration

A
  • It is active
  • Involves the recruitment of post-inspiratory muscles
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6
Q

Describe expiration

A
  • Can be passive or active
  • In passive expiration, the inspiritory muscles relac and the lungs recoil.
  • In active expiration, the expiratory muscles are activated .
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7
Q

What contracts to draw air into the lungs?

A

Inspiratory muscles contract to draw air into the lungs and create normal breathing

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8
Q

What do the accessory muscles do?

A

They move the upper plate of the chest upwards

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9
Q

What do the external intercostal muscles do?

A

They pull the ribs apart, increasing their volume

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10
Q

What is the most important inspiratory muscle?

A
  • The diaphragm, which is asymetrically innervated, and responsible for 70% of our tidal volume
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11
Q

What do the post-inspiratory muscles do?

A

They slow the diaphragm recoil and coordinate orofacial movement

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12
Q

what does the crural diaphragm do?

A

Helps support the diaphragm during breathing.

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13
Q

What does the larynx do post-inspiration?

A

The larynx slows the release of air

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14
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

The internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs closer together, causing you to breathe out more

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15
Q

“The liver fits snugly beneath the diaphragm. During exhalation, abdominal muscles contract and push the liver upward, pressing against the diaphragm. This upward pressure helps elevate the diaphragm, forcing air out of the lungs.”

A

“The liver fits snugly beneath the diaphragm. During exhalation, abdominal muscles contract and push the liver upward, pressing against the diaphragm. This upward pressure helps elevate the diaphragm, forcing air out of the lungs.”

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16
Q

What supports the airway and reduces resistance during inspiration?

A

The contraction of the tongue

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17
Q

Which compartment contains 3 types of pleural membrane?

A

The thorax

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18
Q
  • Breathe in - cotnract tongue- prevents collapse
  • Expiration- tongue relaxes
A
  • Breathe in - cotnract tongue- prevents collapse
  • Expiration- tongue relaxes
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19
Q

Why does the tongue contract during forced expiration?

A

To protect itself because the environment becomes very high pressure

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20
Q

Is the thorax a closed compartment?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is the thorax separated from the abdomen by?

A

The diaphragm

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22
Q

What is the thorax contained by?

A

Contained by spinal column, sternum, ribs, and intercostal muscles

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23
Q

What is pleurae?

A

The thin membranes that cover the lungs and the walls of the thorax

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24
Q

What are the pleurae kept together by?

A

The pleurae are kept together
by a fluid filled vacuum

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25
Visceral pleura
A thin layer of epithelium covering each lung
26
Parietal pleura:
Lines inner surface of the walls of the thorax
27
Pleural cavity
maintains a partial vacuum which helps keep the lungs expanded
28
Intrapleural fluid
Allows pleurae to slide over one another
29
Is the resting point of the lung different to the resting point of the muscle?
Yes
30
What generates pressure inside the plura?
Differential set points of muscles and lungs generates pressure inside the plura
31
Differential set points of muscles and lungs generates pressure inside the plura
- This creates pressure inside the lungs - This pressure prevents the lungs from collapsing - Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
32
What is the value for pulmonary pressure?
Transpulmonary Pressure is 4 mm Hg
33
What is the transpulmonary pressure?
The transpulmonary pressure (Ptp): difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the lungs within the thorax
34
What is the intrapleural pressure (Pip)?
The pressure outside the lungs in the thorax is the intrapleural pressure (Pip)
35
What is the alveoli pressure (Palv)?
Alveolar pressure is the air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, and it changes with breathing—dropping below atmospheric pressure during inspiration and rising above it during expiration to drive airflow.
36
Is alveolar pressure greater than intrapleural pressure?
Yes
37
Transpulmonary pressure=
Transpulmonary pressure= Alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure
38
Pneumothorax (collapsed Lung) is caused by air in the pleural cavity
- A pneumothorax is a collection of air in the pleural space - It occurs when perforation of the lung or chest wall allows air to enter the intrapleural space - Transpulmonary pressure decreases - Elastic recoil collapses the lung
39
What is aor movement in the lungs governed by?
Ohms law
40
Ohms Law: Q = (P1 – P2)/R,
where Q = flow, (P1-P2) = pressure difference between the two ends and R is the resistance of the airway
41
Flow = (Patm – Palv) Resistance
Flow = (Patm – Palv) Resistance
42
Is it true that air moves by bulk flow, from a region of high pressure to one of low pressure?
Yes
43
Since atmospheric pressure is fixed, what must be altered to achieve air flow in and out of the lungs?
Alveolar pressure
44
What is the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs governed by?
The relationship between pressure and volume is governed by Boyle’s law
45
What are the alveolar pressure changes caused by?
The alveolar pressure changes are caused by changes in the volume of the lungs
46
What does Boyle's law predict?
Boyle’s law predicts that if the volume inside the lungs is changed, pressure inside the lungs will also change
47
What is responsible for generating air movement in the lungs?
Alveolar pressure
48
Inspiratory muscle contractions alters trans- pulmonary pressure to draw air into the lung
- Muscles of chest wall and diaphragm contract - Ribs are pulled upwards and the diaphragm flattens - Since Ptp = Palv – Pip - As thorax enlarges, Pip lowers - Transpulmonary pressure increases - Lungs expand - Since Ptp = Palv < Patm - Air moves into lung
49
Expiratory muscle contractions alters trans- pulmonary pressure to push air out of the lung
- Muscles of chest wall and diaphragm relax - Volume of thorax decreases - Since Ptp = Palv – Pip - As thorax diminishes, Pip increases - Transpulmonary pressure decreases - Elastic recoil > Ptp - Lungs recoil to original dimensions - Since Pta = Palv > Patm - Air moves out of lung
50
Once the air gets into the lungs, what is the exchange of gases in the alveoli and tissue dependent on?
The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide
51
Net diffusion of a gas will occur from a region where its partial pressure is high to a region where it is low
Net diffusion of a gas will occur from a region where its partial pressure is high to a region where it is low
52
What is total pressure the sum of?
Total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases
53
Dalton's law...
Total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases
54
What is the partial pressure of a gas directly proportional to?
The partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its concentration
55
Patm = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O = 760 mm Hg
Patm = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O = 760 mm Hg
56
Airway pressure is determined by 3 major gases and water pressure. What are these?
- 79% N2, 20.9% O2, 0.03% CO2, 0% H2O
57
Atmospheric pressure...
Atmospheric pressure is due to the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas
58
What is lung pressure equal to?
Lung pressure (760 mm Hg) is equal to atmospheric pressure.
59
What is the partial pressure of gases in tissues determined by?
Partial pressure of gases in tissue is determined by combustion of glucose
60
Dead space...
- Dead space elevates C)2 levels in the body and allows for enzymes to continuously work in the body
61
Anatomical dead space...
- Volume of gas within the conducting airways - Increases PCO2 in the alveoli
62
Physiological dead space...
- Volume of gas not involved in gas exchange
63
What is the exchange of gases in the alveoli and tissue dependant on?
Exchange of gases in alveoli and tissues are dependent on the partial pressures O2 and CO2
64
O2 diffuses from the tissue capillaries into the tissue since: Alveolar PO2 < Pulmonary PO2 CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the tissue capillaries since: Blood PCO2 < Tissue PCO2
O2 diffuses from the tissue capillaries into the tissue since: Alveolar PO2 < Pulmonary PO2 CO2 diffuses from the tissue into the tissue capillaries since: Blood PCO2 < Tissue PCO2
65
What can the partia lrpessure of oxygen in the alveoli be calculated from?
The respiratory quotient
66
What is the respiratory quotient?
- The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption is the respiratory quotient (RQ). - Varies between 0.7-1.0 - Average of 0.8
67
Oxygen is present in the blood in two forms:
Dissolved in the plasma and red blood cell (erythrocyte) water < 2 % Reversibly combined with haemoglobin molecules in the erythrocytes > 98 %
68
Haemoglobin’s saturation curve ensures that oxygen is always bound to it, even in environments of high partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Haemoglobin’s saturation curve ensures that oxygen is always bound to it, even in environments of high partial pressure of carbon dioxide
69
(Bohr effect) Carbon dioxide shifts the hemoglobin saturation curve to the right
Carbon dioxide shifts the hemoglobin saturation curve to the right
70
What promotes oxygen unloading?
Temperature and acidity promote O2 unloading – e.g. exercising
71
- WHen Carbon dioxide knocks off oxygen from hemoglobin, any free hemoglobin will become bound to H+ to prevent oxygen from binding again- the opposite happens in the tissues
72
What is the fastest known enzyme on the planet?
Carbonic anhydrase
73
What does the chlroide shift do?
It shifts bicarbonate for chloride
74
Carbon monoxide
- Carbon monoxide has an even stronger binding affinity to hemoglobin than CO2. - The body only recognises what's going on in the plasma, not inside the cell, so can't tell that CO is dangerous
75

Physiology, neurobiology and cell signalling (22 decks)

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