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Exercise Physiology الفسيولوجيا الوظيفية > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular responses to exercise

A

The changes that occur in the heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output during physical activity.

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2
Q

Heart rate

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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3
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

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4
Q

Cardiac output

A

The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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5
Q

Resting heart rate

A

The heart rate when the body is at rest.

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6
Q

Trained individuals

A

People who regularly engage in exercise and have improved cardiovascular fitness.

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7
Q

Untrained individuals

A

People who do not regularly engage in exercise and have lower cardiovascular fitness.

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8
Q

Maximum heart rate

A

The highest heart rate a person can achieve during exercise.

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9
Q

Compromised stroke volume

A

A reduction in the amount of blood pumped by the heart due to a rapid heart rate.

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10
Q

ATP production

A

The process of generating energy in the body.

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11
Q

Supine position

A

Lying flat on the back with the face upward.

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12
Q

Standing position

A

Being in an upright position on the feet.

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13
Q

Gravity

A

The force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth.

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14
Q

Muscle involvement

A

The activation and use of muscles during physical activity.

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15
Q

Muscle involvement

A

The level of muscle activation during different types of exercise.

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16
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

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17
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The higher number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.

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18
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The lower number in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest.

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19
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.

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20
Q

Oxygen content

A

The amount of oxygen carried by the blood.

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21
Q

Fick equation

A

An equation used to calculate oxygen consumption.

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22
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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23
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions.

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25
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rest and digestion.

26
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.

28
Q

Stimulation

A

The act of increasing activity or excitation.

29
Q

Withdrawal

A

The act of reducing or removing stimulation.

30
Q

Myelinated Nerves

A

Nerves that are covered in a protective sheath called myelin, which allows for faster signal conduction.

31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system that causes excitation.

32
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The part of the brainstem responsible for controlling the cardiovascular system’s response to various stimuli.

33
Q

Sensors

A

Devices or structures that detect and respond to changes in the environment.

34
Q

Pressure Receptors

A

Sensors that monitor changes in blood pressure.

35
Q

Carotid Bodies

A

Pressure receptors located in the carotid artery.

36
Q

Aortic Sinus

A

A pressure receptor located in the aorta.

37
Q

Right Atrium

A

The chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

38
Q

Cardiovascular Center

A

The part of the medulla oblongata that regulates the cardiovascular system.

39
Q

Temperature Sensors

A

Sensors that monitor changes in body temperature.

40
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels.

41
Q

Dehydration

A

The loss of water from the body.

42
Q

SA Node

A

The sinoatrial node, also known as the natural pacemaker of the heart.

43
Q

AV Node

A

The atrioventricular node, responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.

44
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow in the peripheral blood vessels.

45
Q

Vascular resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow specifically in the blood vessels.

46
Q

End diastolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole, before contraction.

47
Q

Preload

A

The amount of stretch on the ventricle walls before contraction.

48
Q

Venous constriction

A

Constriction of the veins, leading to increased emptying of blood from the venous system.

49
Q

Muscle pump

A

Contraction of the muscles against the veins, aiding in the emptying of blood from the venous system.

50
Q

Respiratory pump

A

The differences in pressure between the abdominal and chest cavities during breathing, aiding in the emptying of blood from the venous system.

51
Q

Contractility

A

The force of contraction of the heart or ventricle.

52
Q

Neurostimulation

A

Stimulation of the nervous system, specifically the sympathetic system, leading to increased contractility of the heart.

53
Q

FICC equation

A

The equation used to calculate blood flow to different parts of the body.

54
Q

Skin blood flow

A

The amount of blood flow to the skin, which increases during exercise to cool down the body.

55
Q

Core blood flow

A

The amount of blood flow to the core of the body, which decreases during maximal exercise.

56
Q

Cerebral blood flow

A

The amount of blood flow to the brain, which remains constant regardless of exercise intensity.

57
Q

Blood shunting

A

The phenomenon of rerouting blood from inactive tissues to active tissues.

58
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Reduction in the diameter of blood vessels in least active tissues, causing an increase in vascular resistance.

59
Q

Vasodilation

A

Expansion of blood vessels in active tissues, allowing for increased blood flow.

60
Q

Metabolic factors

A

Factors including decrease in oxygen tension, increase in carbon dioxide tension, decrease in pH, increase in potassium, and adenosine that contribute to vasodilation in active tissues.

61
Q

Endothelium factors

A

Factors including nitric oxide and prostacyclin released by the endothelium in response to increased blood pressure, causing vasodilation.

62
Q

Autoregulation

A

Regulation of blood flow in response to increased metabolic demands of tissues.

Exercise Physiology الفسيولوجيا الوظيفية (2 decks)

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