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BMSC 220 > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the contribution of Robert Hooke to the field of cell biology

A

Coined the term cells

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2
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) is renowned for his pioneering observations using a microscope. Describe his significant contribution related to the examination of a drop of pond water

A

Observed teeming microscopic “animalcules”

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3
Q

What are the 4 different types of light microscopy?

A

Brightfield, fluorescence, confocal, and light-sheet

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4
Q

The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from _____ rays to _____ waves

A

gamma, radio

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5
Q

What is the wavelength range of white light used in a light microscope?

A

390-760

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6
Q

Electronic microscopy uses electrons with a very _____ wavelength

A

short

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7
Q

_________ : fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light excitation

A

Fluorochromes

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8
Q

Each fluorochrome has a ______ excitation and emission wavelengths

A

specific

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9
Q

How are fluorochromes utilized in the context of immunofluorescence?

A

Can be conjugated with antibodies to localize any specific molecule in cells

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10
Q

Fluorescent substances absorb UV light and emit visible light at a ______ wavelength

A

higher

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11
Q

What is the primary function of an antibody in the immune system, and how is its structure described?

A

Antibody is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects

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12
Q

Antibodies are added to the sample _____ on a slide and will bind the specific _____ they recognize. Secondary antibodies coupled with _______ are then added and
recognize the first antibody

A

fixed, protein, fluorochromes

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13
Q

Each fluorochrome has a specific
excitation and emission ________
detected with the appropriate filter

A

wavelength

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14
Q

Immunofluorescence has _____ pictures taken with digitally _______ images

A

individual, overlayed

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15
Q

?: contains a short sequence of
amino acids able to fluoresce when excited with blue light, is DNA encoded, and can be used for live imaging or
make transgenic animals.

A

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

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16
Q

New types of fluorescent proteins were created by mutations of different ?

A

amino-acids of GFP

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17
Q

Different excitation =
different _____ ______

A

emission profiles

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18
Q

______ _______: fluorescence imaging technique used to increase the optical
resolution by using a pinhole to block out-of-focus light; collect serial optical sections from thick specimens; a single point is scanned from side to side in lines from top to bottom to visualize the specimen; can be used to create 3D images of the structures within cells

A

Confocal microscope

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19
Q

? : is a fluorescence imaging technique, which utilizes a sheet of laser light to illuminate only a thin slice of the sample; two objectives, one illumination objective and one detection objective; faster acquisition compared to point scanning
like confocal

A

Light-sheet microscopy

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20
Q

? : uses electrons instead of light; fixed (dead) samples; used for samples too small to be seen with light microscopes, such as viruses; under optimal conditions, a resolution of 0.10 nm can be obtained with transmission electron microscopes, about 2000 times better than with conventional light microscopes

A

Electronic microscopy

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21
Q

What are the four components described in cell theory?

A
  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the structural unit of life.
  • Cells arise only by division from a pre-existing cell.
  • Cells contain genetic information (DNA) passed to next cell generation
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22
Q

____ is the most basic
property of cells

A

Life

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23
Q

_____ cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient (Henrietta Lacks).

A

HeLa

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24
Q

Cellular processes are
highly _____

A

regulated

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25
Q

Cells from different species share similar _______, ________, and ________ features

A

structure, composition, metabolic

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26
Q

Information for building an organism is encoded in ____ and packaged into a set of ___________ within the cell nucleus

A

genes, chromosomes

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27
Q

Genes store information and
instructions for: ?

A
  • Constructing cellular structures
  • The directions for running cellular
    activities
  • The program for making more of
    themselves
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28
Q

______: a cell replicates its
chromosomes and then segregates
them, producing two identical nuclei.
Followed by equal division of the
cell’s content. Two daughter cells
have identical genetic information.

A

Mitosis

29
Q

______: a special type of cell division
of germ cells in sexually-reproducing
organisms that produces the
gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.
It involves two rounds of division
that ultimately result in four cells
with only one copy of each chromosome

A

Meiosis

30
Q

Animal cells derive energy mainly in the form of _______

A

glucose

31
Q

Cells can store glucose bond energy in ____ - a molecule with readily available energy

A

ATP

32
Q

Virtually all chemical changes that take place in cells require proteins, ______ to increase the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs

A

enzymes

33
Q

The sum total of the chemical reactions in a cell represents that cell’s _______

A

metabolism

34
Q

Activities are based on dynamic, mechanical changes within cells, many of which are initiated by changes in the shape of “______” proteins

A

motor

35
Q

Cells in plants or animals are covered with ______ that interact with substances in the environment

A

receptors

36
Q

_____ ______ serve to return the cell to the appropriate state

A

Feedback circuits

37
Q

Cells share many features, including a ?, a ______ _______, and ________.

A

common genetic code (DNA), plasma membrane, ribosomes

38
Q

According to a tenet of modern biology, all living organisms evolved from
a single, common ancestral cell that lived more than three billion years
ago known as ?

A

LUCA

39
Q

Genetic material is membrane-bound in _______ (nucleus), in nuclear area of cytosol in _______

A

eukaryotes, prokaryotes

40
Q

_______ cells are much more complex,
both structurally and functionally, than _______ cells

A

Eukaryotic, prokaryotic

41
Q

_______ genomes are big and rich in
regulatory DNA

A

Eukaryotic

42
Q

At a molecular level, Archaea seem to resemble ________ for handling genetic information but ______ for metabolism
and energy conversion

A

eukaryotes, bacteria

43
Q

_______ have membrane-bound organelles and complex cytoskeletal proteins. Both have ribosomes but they differ in size

A

Eukaryotes

44
Q

______ divide
by meiosis/mitosis; _______ divide by
simple fission

A

Eukaryotes, prokaryotes

45
Q

_______ use both cytoplasmic movement, and cilia and flagella; ______ have flagella, but they differ in both form and mechanism.

A

Eukaryotes, prokaryotes

46
Q

The ______ ______, allows each daughter cell to receive an equivalent array of
genetic material.

A

mitotic
spindle

47
Q

_______ contain one copy of their
single chromosome and have no processes comparable to meiosis, gamete formation, or true fertilization.

A

Prokaryotes

48
Q

_______: in which
a piece of DNA is passed to another cell

A

conjugation

49
Q

Locomotion in _______ is relatively simple, the rotations exert pressure against
the surrounding fluid, propelling the cell through the medium

A

prokaryotes

50
Q

_____ versions are much more complex than the simple protein filaments and they generate movement by a different mechanism

A

Eukaryotic

51
Q

_____- are evolutionarily related species that live in extremely inhospitable environments, often referred to as “extremophiles.”

A

Archaea

52
Q

_________: Convert CO2 and H2 gases into methane

A

Methanogens

53
Q

_______: Live in extremely salty environments, like the Dead Sea or deep
sea brine pools with salinity equivalent to 5M MgCl2.

A

Halophiles

54
Q

_______: Acid-loving prokaryotes that thrive at a pH as low as 0

A

Acidophiles

55
Q

________: Live at very high temperatures.

A

Thermophiles

56
Q

__________: Live in the hydrothermal vents of the ocean floor up to a temperature of 121˚C, the temperature used to sterilize surgical instruments
in an autoclave

A

Hyperthermophiles

57
Q

Cyanobacteria contain arrays of
cytoplasmic membranes that serve as
sites of _________

A

photosynthesis

58
Q

Cyanobacteria gave rise to green plants
and an oxygen-rich atmosphere, and
some are capable of ______ fixation.

A

nitrogen

59
Q

The most complex eukaryotic cells are
found among the single-celled _______.

A

Protists

60
Q

________: the formation of
specialized cells

A

Differentiation

61
Q

______ ________: a non-human species
extensively study by scientists. Chosen because of their properties or because they are easy to maintain and/or cheap

A

Model organisms

62
Q

_______ are pathogens and intracellular
obligate parasites

A

Viruses

63
Q

A _____ is a virus particle outside the
host cell. Contains genetic material plus
protein capsules (capsids). Some virions are also encased by a lipid membrane-derived envelope

A

virion

64
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria are
_________: complex infection
cycles and medicinal potential

A

bacteriophages

65
Q

______ are pathogens, each consisting of
a small, naked RNA molecule, which can
cause disease by interfering with gene
expression in host cells

A

Viroids

66
Q

Viral capsids are generally made up of subunits from only one or a few
proteins to conserve ________ ____.

A

genome size

67
Q

What are the 2 kinds of viral infection types: ?

A
  1. Lytic infection
  2. Integration
68
Q

_____ infection: the virus redirects the host into making more virus particles,
the host cell lyses and releases the viruses.

A

Lytic

69
Q

_______ infection: the virus integrates its DNA (called a provirus) into the host cell’s chromosomes.

A

Integration

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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