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BIOL2903 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Forest Regions are defined by … ?

A

their canopy forming trees

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2
Q

The forest regions of Ontario

A
  • Tundra
  • Hudson Bay Lowlands
  • Boreal Forest
  • Great Lakes / St. Lawerance Lowlands
  • Carolinian
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3
Q

Canopy forming trees of the Tundra

A

appears to be no trees

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4
Q

Canopy forming trees of the Hudson Bay Lowlands

A

a small amount of coniferous trees

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5
Q

Canopy forming trees of the Boreal Forest

A

Coniferous

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6
Q

Canopy forming trees of the Great Lakes / St. Lawrence Lowlands

A

Mixture of coniferous and Deceduous

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7
Q

Canopy forming trees of the Carolinian

A

Deceduous

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8
Q

How much ice used to cover northern Ontario

A

2km (in depth)

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9
Q

When was there 2km of ice covering northern Ontario

A

Ice Age (the Pleistocene)

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10
Q

What causes glaciers to spawn?

A

Only small drops in temperature throughout the year. Ice doesn’t melt, even in the summer. Ice builds up over time. Glaciers spawn.

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11
Q

First type of life to return back after the Ice Age?

A

Lichens

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12
Q

What are lichens

A

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga

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13
Q

The role of the fungus in a lichen

A

provides housing for the algae

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14
Q

The role of the algae in a lichen

A

makes food via photosynthesis

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15
Q

Types of Lichens

A
  • Foliose
  • Fruticose
  • Reindeer
  • Arboreal
  • Crustose
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16
Q

Appearance of Foliose Lichens

A

Leafy

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17
Q

Appearance of Fruticose Lichens

A

Little cups

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18
Q

Appearance of Reindeer Lichens

A

Coral

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19
Q

Where do arboreal lichens grow

A

only on trees

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20
Q

Where do crustose lichens grow?

A

bare rock

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21
Q

What is it called when a species is the first in an area

A

a pioneer species / colonizer

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22
Q

What is a pioneer species

A

The first species in an area

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23
Q

What is a colonizer

A

The first species in an area

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24
Q

The change in an area caused by pioneer species is called

A

succession

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25
Q

What breaks down rocks and cliffs?

A

Water and plants

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26
Q

What happens when water and plants break down rocks and cliffs?

A

New soil is created

27
Q

Where do animals survive during a glacial period?

A

Glacial refugula

28
Q

What species are often pioneer trees

A

poplar or white birch

29
Q

What are some qualities of poplar trees

A
  • need sunlight (shade intolerant)
  • windplown seeds
  • can clone themselves
  • create shade
30
Q

What site conditions are factors in determining what kind of forest an area will have?

A
  • Env. conditions (temp., precipitation, etc.)
  • Bedrock type
  • soil type
  • glacial deposits
  • physiography
  • drainage
31
Q

Maple trees are _____ ___________ trees

A

self replacing

32
Q

What is it called when trees need sunlight vs can grow without

A

shade intolerant and shade tolerant

33
Q

Maple trees are shade tolerant or intolerant

A

intolerant

34
Q

Poplar trees are shade tolerant or intolerant

A

tolerant

35
Q

What is it called when a forest has self replacing trees

A

a climax forest

36
Q

what is a climax forest

A

there are self replacing trees, a major event is needed to change the type of trees

37
Q

How big are the trees in the tundra

A

very small, no canopy cover

38
Q

Ontario has the ______________ _______ ______ in the world

A

southernmost subarctic tundra

39
Q

The southern limit of the tundra is called the

A

tree line

40
Q

what is the tree line

A

the southern limit of the tundra

41
Q

what provincial park covers more than half the tundra of Ontario

A

Polar Bear Provincial Park

42
Q

Avg. Annual temp of the Tundra

A

-6 degrees C

43
Q

What is it called when the ground stays frozen all year round

A

permafrost

44
Q

What happens because of permafrost

A

very little decomposition and soil buildup

45
Q

Altitude of the Tundra

A

0 - 60 m above sea level

46
Q

The tundra is increasing/decresing in altitude by how much

A

increasing by 1.2 m / 100 years

47
Q

the tundra is moving north by how much

A

400 m / 100 years

48
Q

Why is the Tundra raising?

A

It was previously depressed by the 2km of ice over top, the weight has been lifted off and the soil can expand now that the permafrost is melting

49
Q

What is the term for the reason why the tundra is raising

A

Isostatic rebound

50
Q

Why is the wind a challenge of the tundra

A
  • coldest windchill in North America
  • Blows abrasive particles
51
Q

How thick does the clay/silt sit in the tundra

A

5 - 75 m

52
Q

Why is clay/silt a challenge in the tundra

A
  • no drainage
  • stays frozen with lots of water
53
Q

What was the name of the sea formed by the glaciers that is gone

A

Tyrell Sea

54
Q

What stopped the Tyrell Sea from moving further south

A

The physiography of the Candaian shield

55
Q

What animals are common in the tundra

A

ducks and geese

56
Q

What species of ducks are found in the tundra

A
  • long tailed
  • scoters
  • pintails
57
Q

What is it called when a species is exclusive to an area

A

Indicator Species

58
Q

What types of scoters are in the Tundra

A
  • White winged
  • surf
  • black
59
Q

Are Scoters Indicator species?

A

yes

60
Q

Are Pintails indicator species

A

no

61
Q

Is the Tundra Swan an indicator species

A

yes

62
Q

is the Canada Goose an indicator species

A

no

63
Q

is the snow goose an indicator species

A

yes

64
Q

How are geese affecting the tundra

A

negatively.
- digging up plant tubers
- digging up top layer of soil, exposing to sun
- pooping everywhere, changing soil chemistry, new plants can grow

BIOL2903 (4 decks)

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