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Embryology > Lecture 2 (Nervous System) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 (Nervous System) Flashcards

0
Q

Functionally - what 2 classes is the NS divided into?

A

I) Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)

Ii) Autonomic NS (involuntary)

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1
Q

Structurally- what two classes is the NS divided into?

A

I) CNS & ii) PNS

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2
Q

Nervous tissue consists of what 2 cell types?

A

1) nerve cells (neurons)

2) neuroglia (glia, glial cells)

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3
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain & sc

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4
Q

What makes up the peripheral NS?

A

Nerves (cranial) & glia (sc)

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5
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31** (c1-8/ t1-12/l1-5/s1-5/co1)

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6
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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7
Q

What does the somatic nervous system affect?

A

Skel. Musc. (Via somatMotor neurons)

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8
Q

What does the Sympathetic (SNS) & Parasympathetic (PSNS) do?

A

SNS uses visceromotor (efferent) n’s to affect organs (smooth muscle/cardiac m/glands)

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9
Q

What does the PSNS do?

A

Uses visceroSensory (afferent) n’s to affect receptor organs

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10
Q

Where are sympathetic nerves typically found?

A

Thoracolumbar region

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11
Q

What region are parasympathetic n’s found?

A

Brainstem & sacrum

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12
Q

Give ex’s of ventral (front) body cavities:

A

Thoracic c & diaphragm & abdominpelvic c.

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13
Q

Give ex’s of dorsal (back) cavities:

A

Cranial c & spinal c

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14
Q

Name the 3 diff types of meninges (CT) covering the CNS.

A
  1. Dura mater (tough outer)
  2. Arachnoid mater (spider web)
  3. Pia mater (skin on brain surface)
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15
Q

Brain contains 4 ventricles of the brain.. Identify and draw them out.

A

Lateral ventricle (front), 3rd ventricle (beneath), aqua duct (connects 3rd & 4th), 4th ventricle

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16
Q

What is the site of csf production?

A

Choroid plexus (within lateral ventr.)

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17
Q

What is the site of csf release from ventricles to subarachnoid space?

A

Medial & lateral apertures

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18
Q

What are the 2 functions of csf?

A
  1. Physical support/ cushions

2. Homeostasis (acts as a sub for the lack of lymphatic in brain)

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19
Q

What are the 2 distinct cell types of the NS?

A
  1. Nerve cells (neurons)

2. Glia cells

20
Q

Neurons can be broken down into what 2 subtypes?

A

Excitable (can generate an AP) & “conductive” (receive and transmit electrical signals)

21
Q

Glial cells can be broken down into what 2 subtypes?

A

“Non-excitable” & “non-conductive” (provide support by insulating & protecting neurons…remove waste debris)

22
Q

What is the ratio of soma: axon?

A

1: 10.000

23
Q

Neurons can be classified into what 4 grps based on direction?

A
  1. Anaxonic (brain)
  2. Bipolar n. (Specialized neurons -moves from 1 dendritic br to 1 terminal br (ear,nose,eyes)
    3 (pseudo)unipolar n. (Sensory neurons- Dorsal root ganglion) ..is a false)unipolar (bc axon has 2 br 1. Periphery 2. Sc
  3. Multipolar n (has 2+ dendritic bundle br. /motor neurons/inter neurons)
24
Q

Name the 4 diff types of glial cells.

A
  1. Myelin producing cells (olig/schw)
  2. Supporting cells (astro/sat)
  3. Phagocytic cells (microglia)
  4. Cells of the ventricular system (ependymal)
25
Q

Identify the 2 subtypes of myelin prod glial cells.

A

A) oligodendrocytes (CNS) b) Schwann cells (Pns)

26
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Supporting glial cells?

A

A) astrocytes (CNS glia) - part of the bbb & provide nutr support
B) satellite cells (Pns cells) - physical support for n’s

27
Q

What is an ex of Phagocytic (glial) cells?

A

Microglia (CNS) - Phagocytic & ag-presenting cells

28
Q

What is ex of a cell type in the ventricular system?

A

Ependymal (CNS) - line ventricular system

29
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

Organs located close to ventricles bc lack bbb

30
Q

List the 4 Secretary CVOs. (And draw them)

A
  1. Median eminence
  2. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophsis)
  3. Pineal body
  4. Subcomissural organ
31
Q

Identify the 4 Sensory CVOs (and draw them)

A
  1. Area postrema (part of medulla)
  2. Subfornical organ
  3. Organum vasculosum of laminar terminalis
    * **all other cvo’s are part of the diebcephalon
32
Q

What colour do myelinated and unmyelinated cells appear?

A 
Myelinated = white (axons)
Unmyelinated = gray (dendrites)
33
Q

Identify the 6 major regions of the brain (and draw them).

A
  1. Cerebrum (= telencephalon)
  2. Forebrain (= diencephalon/inter brain)
  3. Brainstem (= mesencephalon/midbrain + pons + medulla oblongata/myelencephalon)
  4. Hindbrain (= rhombencephalon = pons, medulla & cerebellum)
  5. Metencephalon = pons & cerebellum
34
Q

What cells is the CNS derived from? (Draw it).

A

Neural tube cells ( ie Centre of ectoderm)

35
Q

What cells is the PNS derived from?

A

Neural crest cells (ectoderm, lateral to neural plate)

36
Q

What does the neural plate eventually form?

A

Neural tube (when folds, will sit above notochord… Ntube cells->CNS)

37
Q

Where is gray found in the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei & inside of sc

38
Q

Where is white matter found in the brain?

A

Outside of sc and anywhere gray matter isn’t

39
Q

Where are sensory neurons located in the sc and Brainstem?

A

Dorsally & centrally, respectively

40
Q

Where are the motor n’s located in the sc and Brainstem?

A

Ventrally & medially, respectively.

41
Q

Neuron cells migrate up radial glia fibres from the Ventricular zone - what cells are contained in this zone?

A

Germinal cells

42
Q

What is the zone neuronal cells migrate to? And what cells does this zone contain?

A

Marginal zone (& cajal retzius cells)

43
Q

What is the result of malmigration of neurons in the fetal brain?

A

Seizures (bc can’t migrate to white matter& expand cortex)

44
Q

What 2 sinuses drain the brain?

A

Dural venous sinuses (superior sagital & sigmoid) & internal jugular vein (later)

45
Q

Define the 2 areas of a stroke: what happens in each?

A

A) Core area (middle) - neurons die immed due to necrosis

B) penumbra (shadow surr middle) - delayed n. Death due to apoptosis

46
Q

Which system are extracerebral arteries supplied/innervated by?

A

Autonomic NS

47
Q

Which system are intracerebral arterioles supplied/innervated by?

A

Local coeruleus, raphe, ventral tegmental area , nucleus basalis

Embryology (2 decks)

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