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clinical biochem year 2 > lecture 2 - renal function and kidney disease > Flashcards

lecture 2 - renal function and kidney disease Flashcards

1
Q

what does the kidney do

A

produce urine

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2
Q

what does the ureter do

A

transports urine toward bladder

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3
Q

what does the bladder do

A

temporarily store urine

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4
Q

what does the urethra do

A

Let’s urine come out

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5
Q

what is excretion and elimination

A

removal of organic wastes products from body fluids e.g urea creatine uric acid

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6
Q

what is the main function of the kidney

A

maintain homeostasis for a number solutes and water

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7
Q

what ions need controlling of concentration in the kidneys

A

Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, H, HCO3

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8
Q

when can the kidney produce glucose

A

via gluconeogenesis during fasting

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9
Q

what is the kidney responsible for

A

elimination of many medication which changes the kidneys function which changes plasma concentration of these drugs

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10
Q

what’s the renal threshold for a substance

A

is the concentration of a substance in blood which is prevented from passing through the kidneys into the urine

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11
Q

what is the renal threshold for glucose

A

180mg/dL

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12
Q

what is tubular maximum

A

maximum capacity of the kidneys to absorb a particular substance (Tm)

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13
Q

what is the Tm for glucose

A

350mg/min

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14
Q

what does neutral balance refer to

A

the state in which dietary intake plus endogenous production equals excretion rate of the kidney

total body contents remains stable

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15
Q

what is positive balance

A

intake plus endogenous production >renal excretion rate, leading to increased total body content

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16
Q

what is negative balance

A

intake plus endogenous production <renal excretion rate, leading to decreased total body content

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17
Q

what are the key parts of the kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
renal pyramids
ureter

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18
Q

what are nephrons

A

the functional units of the kidney

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19
Q

where do the nephrons traverse

A

between the cortex and the medulla

20
Q

what do the collecting ducts produce in the medulla

A

visible striations

21
Q

what are the two classes of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

22
Q

what is the filtrate

A

blood plasma minus proteins

23
Q

how is the filtrate produced

A

by glomerular filtration

24
Q

what does the urine contain

A

metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

25
Q

what are the three phases of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration

selective and passive reabsorption

secretion

26
Q

where does glomerular filtration take place (specific)

A

through the semipermeable walls of the glomerular capillaries

27
Q

how is the glomerular filtrate pushed through

A

by the driving hydrostatic pressure created by the arterial pressure

28
Q

where does reabsorption occur

A

in the proximal and distal tubule

29
Q

what happens to the filtrate during reabsorption

A

becomes highly concentrated due to water removal

30
Q

what is reabsorbed by active transport?

A

low molecular weight constituents e.g glucose, organic/inorganic ions

31
Q

what happens to substances during secretion

A

released into the urine in the kidney by active transport

e.g H+, K+, urea, creatinine and drugs

32
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

polypeptide hormone that is formed by the kidney and liver

33
Q

what does erythropoietin control

A

the differentiation of bone marrow cells

34
Q

what stimulates release of erythropoietin

A

hypoxia (low pO2)

35
Q

what does erythropoietin ensure the bone marrow cells do

A

they’re converted to erythrocytes, so their concentration in the blood increases

36
Q

what are ways of investigating renal disease

A

physical exam, history

blood labs

urinalysis

renal biopsy

37
Q

what should urine be?

A

sterile

clear

amber color

slightly acidic

characteristic odour

38
Q

what is proteinuria

A

elevated protein in the urine

39
Q

what could proteinuria be a risk factor for

A

deterioration of renal function, of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

40
Q

how is proteinuria detected

A

by a dipstick

only detects albumin

41
Q

when is urine collected

A

early morning sample

quantitative measurement

42
Q

what is pre renal proteinuria

A

excess formation of a low molecular weight protein that is freely filtered

43
Q

How does glomerular proteinuria come about

A

damaged glomerular filtration barrier or increased hydrostatic pressure.

44
Q

what is tubular proteinuria caused by

A

proteins with high conc in tubular cells aren’t be reabsorbed

45
Q

what

A

clinical biochem year 2 (9 decks)

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