Lecture 2: Terminology Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
• Homeo = the same
• stasis = stopping/staying
Homeostasis = staying the same
What is the purpose of homeostasis in the human body?
Homeostasis underpins normal function of the systems of the human body and maintains conditions in the internal environment.
How does homeostasis work?
Homeostasis relies on regulatory mechanisms to ensure that controlled variables do not move too far from the se-point that is “normal”.
E.g. Temperature, ion concentration (calcium, potassium, sodium, etc), blood sugar levels, fluid balance, etc.
What is feedback in homeostasis?
Feedback is when the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to “normal”.
E.g. When you get cold, your body reduces blood flow to your skin to prevent heat loss (which is why your skin becomes cold to touch) and you start to shiver to produce heat.
What is feedforward in homeostasis?
Feedforward is when you anticipate an event that will alter a controlled variable, so you do something to minimise the effect.
E.g. It’s snowing outside, so you wear jackets and long pants for cold weather to stay warm.
What is the correct terminology for body parts in the upper limb?
• Arm (from shoulder to elbow)
• Forearm (from elbow to wrist)
• Hand (from wrist to fingertips)
What is the correct terminology for body parts in the lower limb?
• Thigh (from hip to knee)
• Leg (from knee to ankle)
• Foot (from ankle to toes)
What is the anatomical position? (Hint: 4)
• Upright
• Faced forwards
• Feet together
• Palms faced forwards
(The anatomical position remains the same regardless of movement)
What is the purpose of terms of direction?
To describe body parts in relation to other parts.
What are the terms of direction we use? (Hint: 5 pairs)
• Anterior (front) / Posterior (back)
• Cranial or cephalic (closer to the head) caudal (closer to the feet)
• Superior (higher) / Inferior (lower)
• Medial (closer to midline) / Lateral (further from midline)
•Proximal (closer to torso) / Distal (further away from torso)
• Deep (further from surface) / Superficial (closer to surface)
What are the different planes used to divide the body? (Hint: 3 planes)
• Coronal (divided into the front and back sections)
• Sagittal (divided into left and right sections)
- Mid-saggital or median plane (divides body into mirror image left and right halves)
• Transverse (divided into top and bottom sections)
What are the different movements? (Hint: 3 pairs + 2 others)
• Flexion: Forwards and angle decreases)
• Extension: Backwards and angle increases)
• Abduction: Joint moves away from the midline)
• Adduction: Joint moves towards the midline)
• Circumduction: Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction. No rotation.
• Dorsiflexion: Toes are pointed upwards, like a dorsal)
• Plantarflexion: Toes are pointed downwards, “planted”
• Rotation: Lateral (external). Medial (internal).
What are the specialised movements? (Hint: 2 pairs)
• Pronation: Palm is in prone position, “prone hold”. Posterior.
• Supination: Palm is in soup holding position, “soup”. Anterior.
• Inversion: Sole of foot is turned towards midline. Inverted.
• Eversion: Sole of foot is turned away from midline. Everted.
What movements occur in each plane?
• Sagittal (back and forward movements): Flexion / Extension + Plantarflexion / Dorsiflexion + Circumduction.
• Coronal (side to side movements): Abduction / Adduction + Inversion / Eversion + Circumduction.
• Transverse (rotating movements): Rotation + Pronation / Supination
Explain the Anatomical Position
Upright, faced forward, feet together, palms faced forwards, remains the same regardless of movement.
