lecture 21 - neighbourhood deprivation

Question 1

neighbourhood deprivation definition

Answer 1

the state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community/wider society

Question 2

measuring neighbourhood deprivation

Answer 2

-takes a deficit approach of material deprivation
-can measure the relative (low, med, high) position in society

Question 3

9 NZDep 2018 variables

Answer 3

communication - people with no access to the internet at home

income - people aged 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit

income - people living in equivalised households with income below an income threshold

employment - people aged 18-64 unemployed

qualifications - people aged 18-64 without any qualifications

support - people <65 living in a single parent family

owned home - people not living in their own home

living space - people living in equivalised households below a bedroom occupancy threshold

living conditions - people living in households that are always damp and/or always have a patch of mould larger than A4 size

Question 4

Geographic variations in diagnosed diabetes

Answer 4

OR for manurewa General electoral district = 1.79

OR for mangere GED = 1.87

compared to adults aged 30+ North Shore GED

even after other factors considered

Question 5

NZ Index of multiple deprivation IMD access

Answer 5

Access - measures the cost and inconvenience of travelling to access basic services (GP, supermarkets, school)

Question 6

education IMD

Answer 6

captures youth disengagement and the proportion of the working age population without a formal education

Question 7

employment IMD

Answer 7

measures the degree to which working age people are excluded from employment

Question 8

crime IMD

Answer 8

measures the risk of person and material victimisations: damage to the person/property

Question 9

income IMD

Answer 9

captures the extent of income deprivation in a data zone by measuring state-funded financial assistance to those with insufficient income

Question 10

housing IMD

Answer 10

the proportion of people living in overcrowded housing and the proportion living in rented accommodation

Question 11

health IMD

Answer 11

identifies areas with a high level of ill health (hospitalisations, cancer) or mortality

Question 12

Use of IMD and NZDep

Answer 12

-research
-advocacy
-planning and resource allocation

both area based so are averages and prone to ecological fallacy

Question 13

ecological fallacy

Answer 13

The error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals

statistical bias error

Question 14

Interventions on the Dahlgren and Whitehead model may target 3 levels of influence

Answer 14

the person - attitudes to physical activity, health and wellbeing

the community - availability of parks and recreation opportunities, family friends neighbour habits in relation to healthy activity

the environment - physical, natural, built, school work home

Question 15

Addressing variations in health

Answer 15

Upstreams interventions tend to belong on the outmost arch of the Dahlgren and Whitehead model

However, interventions can target the individual, family and community, or the environment

e.g. fluoridating water, green prescriptions are upstream but act at individual level

Question 16

what is a healthy environment

Answer 16

the physical, social, political setting that prevent disease while enhancing human health and wellbeing

Question 17

elements of healthy environments

Answer 17

-clean air and water
-appropriate housing
-access to wholesome food
-safe community spaces
-access to transport
-opportunities to incorporate exercise as part of daily life

Question 18

built environment definition

Answer 18

all the buildings, spaces, and products that are created or at least significantly modified by people

Question 19

parts of built environment

Answer 19

structures: homes, schools, workplaces
urban design:
-parks, roads, business areas
-electric transmission lines
-waste water systems, subway trains
-motorways, transportation networks

Question 20

how could the built environment be measured

Answer 20

urban density - population/employment density

street connectivity - lollipop neighbourhoods or well connected streets

land-use mix - commercial, industrial, residential, wastelands

community resources - access to recreational facilities or healthy foods

Question 21

how urban design can improve physical activity and active transport

Answer 21

street connectivity - reduces distances between destinations, encouraging use of active transport (grid like pattern)

traffic calming - facilities that encourage walking/cycling, discourage driving (street width, cycle lanes, pedestrian crossing)

land use mix - different uses of land within a given zone, increases opportunities for active transport

public open and physical activity spaces - increases opportunity for physical activity (in close proximity, parks, pools, playgrounds)

Question 22

meola road urban design plan

Answer 22

trees to reabsorb monoxide and distance people from cars

jutterbars protect cyclists from cars