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ANAT1001 > Lecture 21: Special Senses > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of special senses?

A

Olfaction (smell)

Gustation (Taste)

Audition (hearing)

Vision (sight)

Equilibrioception (touch and balance)

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of senses?

A

Special Senses- balance vision, hearing, taste, smell

Somatic (general) Sensory = tactition, pain, proprioception and visceral senses.

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3
Q

What is “sensation” and what are the 4 criteria which indicates that the sense is perceived.

A

Sensation is the conscious or subconscious perception of changes in the external or internal environment.

In order for this change to be perceived:

  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory Receptor
  3. Sensory impulse
    1. Integration
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4
Q

Structurally classify the sensory receptors:

A

+ Free Nerve Endings → Bare dendrites

+Encapsulated nerve endings → enclosed within CT capsule

+ Separate Cells → Release neurotransmitters from receptor

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5
Q

Functionally classify the sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptor → changes in pressure and touch

Nociceptor → Painful stimuli

Thermoreceptor → Changes in temperature

Photoreceptor → Change in light, colour and movement

Chemoreceptor → Detects chemical change

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6
Q

What are the 3 receptors depending on the origin of the stimulus?

A

= exteroceptor

= interreceptor

= Proprioceptor

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7
Q

Where is the functional classifications of sensory receptors located?

A

Mechanoreceptor → Skin for touch and pressure

Nociceptor → Present in almost all organs

Thermoreceptor → Receptors in skin and hypothalamus

Photoreceptor → Retina of the eye

Chemoreceptor → Taste receptors in tongue, smell in nose, in blood vessels

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8
Q

Where is the special sense for olfaction located? What cells is it composed of?

A

→ Located in the superior nasal concha and upper nasal septum (olfactory epithelium)

Cells: Supporting Cells (support and nourishment

Basal Cells

Olfactory receptor cell- Bipolar neurons with cilia projecting from dendrite

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9
Q

Highlight the pathway for the olfaction sense:

A
  1. Odour molecules dissolve into olfactory hairs
  2. Olfactory cell receptor sends info travelling axon to the ethmoid bone
  3. Penetrates cribriform plate to the olfactory bulb
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10
Q

Where is the gustation special sense located and what cells is it composed of?

A

→ Located in taste buds!

Made up of epithelial cells: basal cells, supporting cells, gustation receptor cells (Long microvilli hairs detect food molecules → sends info to afferent nerve)

Has around 50 gustatory receptor cells per taste bud

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11
Q

Where are taste buds normal found on the tongue?

A

PAPILLAE

→ Circumvallate papillae : Back of tongue (100-300) taste buds

→ Foliate Papillae : Sides of tongue taste buds degenerate over time

→Fungiform Papillae : Scattered over with 5 taste buds each

→ Filiform Papillae : tactile receptor, no taste buds

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12
Q

What are the 5 traditional types of taste?

A

Bitterness

Saltiness

Sweetness

Umami-ness

Sourness

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13
Q

Outline the gustatory pathway

A

Gustatory receptors in taste buds are picked up by Facial (VII) glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves and sent to the medulla oblongata

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14
Q

What is the role of the ear in terms of special senses?

A

Receptor organ for sense of hearing and equilibrium

Composed of outer, middle and inner ear

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15
Q

What are the main functions of the external and inner ear?

A

external : Hearing only

Inner: Hearing and equilibrium

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16
Q

Describe the pathway of sound throughout the ear

A

OUTER:

→ Sound filtered by auricle → travels via external acoustic meatus → Hits tympanic membrane

MIDDLE:

→ Vibrations transmitted to auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

INNER:

→Bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, make up cochlear

MEMBRANOUS CONTAINS AUDITORY RECEPTORS

17
Q

Label the main features of the inner ear

A
18
Q

Describe how audition is perceived by the brain

A

Ear provides a passage for vibrational energy to travel from one medium to another (air to perilymph in cochlea)

→ Conversion of vibrational energy to electrical energy is called TRANSDUCTION

→ Interpretation of these action potentials in the brain

19
Q

Describe the components of the organ of corti and its main function

A

Function: Where transduction occurs

Bony labyrinth composed of Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani surrounding the main cochlear duct.

20
Q

What is the function of equibrioception?

A

Allows an organism to sense body movement, direction + acceleration and maintain posture.

21
Q

What parts of the inner ear maintain balance?

A

Bony labyrinth and vestibular apparatus

22
Q

What part of the inner ear maintains static equilibrium

A

VESTIBULE:

  • Saccule and utricle - Hair cells located in maculae detect linear motion
23
Q

Outline how the macula works

A

Statoconia crystals of the otolithic membrane feel the force of gravity when head it tilted.

Pulls on the gelatinous layer in the same direction causing sensory hairs to bend.

24
Q

What part of the inner ear maintains dynamic equilibirum?

A

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS:

Anterior, posterior and lateral - hair cells located in crista ampullaris detect angular acceleration in 3 planes

25
Q

Outline how dynamic equilibrium impulses are received by the crista ampullaris`

A
  1. Head movement
  2. Movement of fluid in semi-circular ducts and hair cells
  3. Inertia of endolymph make hair bundles bend
  4. Receptor potential
  5. Nerve impulses carried by vestibula cochlear.
26
Q

Label all important accessory structures around the eye

A
27
Q

Describe the flow of tears:

A

Lacrimal gland → excretory lacrimal duct → superior or inferior lacrimal canal → Lacrimal sac → Nasolacrimal duct → Nasal cavity

28
Q

What are your extrinsic eye muscles and what are their functions?

A 
→ Superior Rectus (moves up and in)
Inferior Rectus (moves down and in)

Lateral Rectus (Look out)

Medial Rectus (Look in)

29
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A
  • Fibrous Tunic
  • vascular tunic
    • Retina
30
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body

A

Ciliary muscle ; shapes lens for viewing objects

Ciliary process ; will control pupil for light entry (aperture)

31
Q

What constricts the pupil aperture

A

Vascular tunic

Pupil CONSTRICTS as circular muscles of iris contract - PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS\

Pupils DILATE as radial muscles of iris contract- SYMPATHETIC

32
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Point on retina where cones are in highest density

Head and eyes move when looking at something is to mainly concentrate light on the fovea.

33
Q

Label the classifications of the retina as light is incident

A
34
Q

What are the functions of rods and cones?

A

Rods: Detect monochromatic vision

Cones: Detect colour vision

Where transduction of light energy to electrical potentials occur

35
Q

Describe the visual; pathway

A

Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus → Optic Radiations → Primary Visual Area

ANAT1001 (20 decks)

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