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BMSC 220 > Lecture #22 > Flashcards

Lecture #22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 Mitotic stages?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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2
Q

What mitotic stage does this describe?

  1. Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at the centromere
  2. Cytoskeleton is disassembled, and mitotic spindle is assembled
  3. Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum fragment. Nuclear envelope disperses
A

Prophase

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3
Q

What mitotic stage does this describe?

  1. Chromosomal microtubules attach to kinetichores of chromosomes
  2. Chromosomes are moved to the spindle equator
A

Prometaphase

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4
Q

What mitotic stage does this describe?

  1. Chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate, attached by chromosomal microtubules to both poles
A

metaphase

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5
Q

_________: One of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.

A

Chromatid

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6
Q

_________: Large structure that mediates interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle-microtubule polymers

A

Kinetochore

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7
Q

What mitotic stage does this describe?

  1. Centromeres spilt, and chromatids separate
  2. Chromosomes move to opposite spindle poles
  3. Spindle poles move farther apart
A

Anaphase

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8
Q

What mitotic stage does this describe?

  1. Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles
  2. Chromosomes become dispersed
  3. Nuclear envelope assembles around chromosome clusters
  4. Golgi complex and ER reform
  5. Daughter cells are formed by cytokinesis
A

Telophase

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9
Q

Chromosome compaction/condensation occurs in early _______

A

prophase

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10
Q

_______ is a protein is responsible for compaction. Activated by phosphorylation of its subunits by the cyclin-Cdk complex. Change DNA coiling.

A

Condensin

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11
Q

Compact chromosomes appear as ____-like structures. Each mitotic chromosome consists of ____ chromatids.

A

rod, two

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12
Q

Prior to replication, the DNA of each chromosome is associated with ________, which forms a ring to encircle the two sister DNA molecules

A

cohesin

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13
Q

Cohesin and condensin both contain ____ proteins (Structural maintenance of chromosomes)

A

SMC

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14
Q

____ proteins fold back on themselves to form a highly elongated anti-parallel, coiled coil with a globular domain at both the N- and C-termini

A

SMC

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15
Q

Cohesin is released in two distinct stages, with most removed during _______

A

prophase

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16
Q

Polo-like kinase and Aurora B kinase phosphorylate _______, and the protein WAPL then removes it

A

cohesin

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17
Q

Chromatids are held relatively loosely along their extended arms, but much more tightly at their _________

A

centromeres

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18
Q

Centromeres occur at a _______ _______ on chromosomes and serve as the binding site for proteins

A

primary constriction

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19
Q

________ are the sites where chromosomes attach to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle, it is also the residence of several motor proteins involved in chromosome motility

A

Kinetochores

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20
Q

Kinetochores are on the outer _______ of centromeres

A

surface

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21
Q

______ kinetochore:
Microtubule binding
Microtubule motor activity
Signal transduction

A

Outer

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22
Q

_____ kinetochore:
Centromere replication
Chromatin interface
Kinetochore formation

A

Inner

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23
Q

Entering mitosis, microtubules undergo disassembly before reassembly into the _____ ______. Disassembly is from inactivation of _______ that stabilize microtubules (e.g., MAPs) and the activation of proteins that destabilize them

A

mitotic spindle, proteins

24
Q

The _______ (MT-organizing structure) cycle progresses in concert with the cell cycle.

A

centrosome

25
Q

Normally, single centrosome with __ centrioles

A

2

26
Q

At the beginning of mitosis, the centrosome splits into ____ adjacent centrosomes, each containing a pair of mother–daughter centrioles. They are going to disengage due to the activation of an enzyme called ________

A

two, separase

27
Q

During ________, the centrosomes move apart from one another as they organize the bundles of microtubules that form the mitotic spindle

A

prophase

28
Q

In the mitotic spindles of animal cells, microtubules are arranged in an _____ around each centrosome

A

aster

29
Q

Higher plants and many animal oocytes lack centrosomes. Spindle pole will be formed by the movement of ______ ______

A

motor proteins

30
Q

Major components of the nuclear envelope are disassembled in separate processes via ___________ of key substrates by cyclin B–Cdk1

A

phosphorylation

31
Q

Nuclear pore complexes are _______ - nucleoporin subcomplexes are disrupted and subcomplexes dissociate

A

disassembled

31
Q

Nuclear lamina is disassembled - _________ of lamin filaments.

A

depolymerization

32
Q

Nuclear membranes is disrupted mechanically - holes are torn into the nuclear envelope by cytoplasmic ______ molecules

A

dynein

33
Q

Membranous organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes) remain relatively ______ through mitosis

A

intact

34
Q

The Golgi complex may become incorporated into the ER during _______, or may become fragmented to form a distinct population of small vesicles that are partitioned between daughter cells

A

prophase

35
Q

Three microtubule groups:
1. ______ microtubules - radiate from centrosomes to regions outside the spindle body
2. ________ microtubules - move chromosomes to the poles.
3. ______ microtubules - maintain the integrity of the spindle.

A

Astral, Chromosomal, Polar

36
Q

Microtubule flux in the metaphase spindle involves ______ treadmilling toward the poles

A

tubulin

37
Q

Subunits are incorporated at the kinetochores of the chromosomal microtubules and the ________ ends of the polar microtubules. They are lost from the ______ ends of the microtubules in the region of the poles

A

equatorial, minus

38
Q

Two distinct complexes, ____ and ____, add ubiquitin to proteins at different stages of the cell cycle.

A

SCF, APC

39
Q

SCF and APC, add ubiquitin:
- SCF acts during ________.
- Anaphase promoting complex, or APC, regulates events during mitosis depending in the “_______ _______” present.

A

interphase, adaptor protein

40
Q

Destruction of securin releases an active protease ________, which cleaves the cohesin molecule that holds sister chromatids together

A

separase

41
Q

APCCdh1 completes the ___________ of cyclin B. This causes a drop-in activity of the mitotic Cdk (cyclin B–Cdk1) and progression from mitosis and into the ___ phase of the next cell cycle.

A

ubiquitination, G1

42
Q

The importance of protein degradation in regulating the events of mitosis and the reentry of cells into G1 is best revealed with the use of ________

A

inhibitors

43
Q

No destruction of cyclin B (proteasome inhibition) - cells remain in a _____ stage of mitosis

A

late

44
Q

Anaphase __ - Movement of chromosomes toward the poles.
Anaphase __ - Two spindle poles move in opposite directions due to elongation of microtubules.

A

A, B

45
Q

Chromosomes are split in ______

A

synchrony

46
Q

Unattached _______ contain a protein complex that sends a “wait” signal to prevent entry into anaphase

A

kinetochores

47
Q

If a cell cannot postpone chromosome segregation the daughter cells may receive an ______ number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)

A

abnormal

48
Q

The _______ ____ theory suggested that a thin band of actin and myosin filaments generates the force to cleave the cell

A

contractile ring

49
Q

The site of filament assembly (the plane of cytokinesis) is determined by a _______ coming from the spindle poles

A

signal

50
Q

Bipolar myosin filaments, composed of myosin II, are essential for the ring _______.

A

contraction

51
Q

Sliding of the filaments of the contractile ring pulls the cortex and attached plasma membrane toward the ______ of the cell

A

center

52
Q

The cleavage furrow position is determined by the ______ mitotic spindle, leading to the activation of RhoA in a narrow ring within the cortex

A

anaphase

53
Q

The signal for plane determination is thought to travel from the spindle poles to the cell cortex along the ______ microtubules

A

astral

54
Q

Meiosis ___: homologous chromosomes pair and then segregate ensuring that daughter cells receive a full haploid set of chromosomes

A

I

55
Q

Meiosis ___: sister chromatids are separated

A

II

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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