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VETS1060: Final Exam > Lecture 22 Deuterostomes > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Deuterostomes Flashcards

1
Q

Two phyla of Deuterostomia are

A

-Echinodermata
-Chordata

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2
Q

Echinodermata of Deuterostomia include (5)

A

-Asteroidea
-Echinoidea
-Ophiuroidea
-Crinoidea
-Holothuroidea

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3
Q

Chordata of Deuterostomia include (3)

A

-Vertebrata
-Cephalochordata
-Urochordata

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4
Q

What constitutes a Deuterostome (4)

A

-bilateral symmetry
-coelom (abdominal cavity) derived from mesodermal (embryonic tissue)
-radial cleavage during embryonic development
-blastopore (anus)

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5
Q

Echinodermata are

A

Mostly sessile marine animals

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6
Q

The sea urchin genome

A

Has 7000 genes in common with humans (ie. Shares a common ancestor with humans)

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7
Q

Echinodermata have (3)

A

-endoskeleton of interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines
-water vascular system
-sexual and asexual reproduction

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8
Q

The endoskeleton of Echinodermata are (3)

A

-tightly fused in sea urchins
-loosely joined in starfish
-microscopic in sea cucumbers

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9
Q

The water vascular system in Echinodermata is

A

A network of water-filled canals that branch to form tube feet

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10
Q

What system provides locomotion and feeding in Echinodermata

A

Water vascular system

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11
Q

Reproduction in Echinodermata can be

A

-sexual (release gametes into water to spawn)
-asexual (autotomy, shed arm/comet to form new individual)

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12
Q

Five classes of Echinodermata are

A

-Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
-Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
-Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
-Asteroidea (starfish and sea daises)
-Echinoidea (sea urchins)

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13
Q

An important aquaculture species is

A

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea)

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14
Q

Chordata includes three subphyla

A

-Vertebrata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
-Cephalochordata (Amphioxus species)
-Urochordata (sea squirts)

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15
Q

Earliest chordate fossils appeared in

A

The Cambrian Period (~530 million years ago)

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16
Q

Four common features of Chordata

A

-notochord
-pharyngeal slits
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-muscular, post-anal tail

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17
Q

The notochord of Chordata is (5)

A

-a thin, elastic-like rod consisting of a core of cells and fluid surrounded by a fibrous sheath
-develops from mesoderm
-allows locomotion through lateral undulations
-lies dorsal to the coelom (body cavity)
-beneath and parallel to CNS

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18
Q

Coelom is the

A

Body cavity

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19
Q

The notochord in bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates is (3)

A

-present during embryonic development
-replaced by the vertebral column
-persists as the nucleus purposes of intervertebral discs

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20
Q

Pharyngeal slits are (3)

A

-longitudinal series of openings in the walls of the pharynx
-involved in feeding in primitive chordates (Amphioxus)
-lost during embryogenesis in terrestrial vertebrates

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21
Q

In aquatic vertebrates, pharyngeal slits

A

Are slits that allow for the flow of water across the gills (gills develop adjacent to pharyngeal slits)

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22
Q

The dorsal, hollow nerve cord of Chordata is (3)

A

-derived from the ectoderm
-lies above the gut
-is hollow and surrounds the fluid-filled neurocoel (cerebral spinal fluid)

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23
Q

The muscular, post-anal tail in Chordata is (2)

A

-a posterior elongation of the body
-made of muscle segments and extends past the anus

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24
Q

____ resembles the earliest chordates

A

Cephalochordata

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25
Q

Branchiostoma - amphioxus is (4)

A

-in the subphylum Cephalochordata, Chordata, Deuterostomia
-possess all 4 chordate features
-posterior end is buried in sand
-anterior end is exposed to water currents

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26
Q

The digestive system of Cephalochordata (2)

A

-precursor of vertebrate organs
-contains a midgut caecum which houses the liver and pancreas

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27
Q

The circulatory system of Cephalochordata (4)

A

same general pattern of vertebrates:
-ventral and dorsal aorta
-afferent and efferent vessels
-capillary network
BUT NO HEART

28
Q

Cephalochordata do not have (2)

A

-a heart
-a differentiated brain

29
Q

Urochordata includes

A

-tunicates (Ascidiacea - sea squirts)

30
Q

All species of Urochordata are

A

Marine

31
Q

Ascidians (sea squirts) are ___ as adults and ___ as larvae

A

Sessile; planktonic

32
Q

Tunicates (Ascidiacea) display

A

All four chordate characteristics ONLY as larvae

33
Q

The central nervous system of Urochordata has 3 divisions:

A

-Sensory Vesicle
-Visceral Ganglion
-Hollow Nerve Cord

34
Q

Neural crest cells in Urochordata

A

Differentiate into different cell types including pigment cells

35
Q

Urochordata have a ___ heart

A

Rudimentary

36
Q

Amboebocytes in Urochordata

A

Resemble lymphocytes

37
Q

Most basal craniates are

A

The Hagfishes

38
Q

From the chordates evolved ____

A

Craniates

39
Q

Craniates are

A

Chordates with a head (cranium)

40
Q

A unique characteristic of Craniata is

A

Neural crest

41
Q

Hagfishes, Craniata (6)

A

-cartilaginous skull
-lack jaws and vertebrae
-retain notochord in adulthood
-30 species, all marine
-feed on detritus
-produce mucous as defense

42
Q

Craniates gave rise to

A

Vertebrates

43
Q

Most basal vertebrates are the

A

Lampreys

44
Q

Lampreys (Vertebrata) (6)

A

-cartilaginous skeleton
-lack jaws
-have a rasping tongue and teeth
-retain notochord in adulthood
-primitive vertebrae enclose notochord
-35 species, marine and freshwater

45
Q

Gnathostomes transitioned from (2)

A

-suspension feeding to selective feeding
-paired pectoral and pelvic fins

46
Q

Two lines of evolution from Gnathostomes include

A

-Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
-Osteichthyes (bony fish)

47
Q

Chondrichthyes are (4)

A

-cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, etc)
-about 700 species
-lack a swim bladder
-have placoid scales

48
Q

Placoid scales in Chondrichthyes (3)

A

-made of dentin and enamel
-develop in dermis
-project through epidermis

49
Q

Reproduction of Chondrichthyes is (2)

A

-internal (males have a clasper on pelvic fin)
-oviparous and viviparous

50
Q

Osteichthyes are

A

Bony fishes

51
Q

The scales of bony fishes (Osteichythyes)

A

Develop in the dermis and do not penetrate the epidermis

52
Q

Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) can be subdivided into

A

-Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
-Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)

53
Q

Buoyancy in Osteichthyes (bony fishes) is controlled by

A

A swim bladder

54
Q

Bony fishes (Osteichthyes) reproduce through

A

External fertilization

55
Q

Actinopterygii of the Osteichthyes can be divided into

A

-Neopterygii (teleosts)
-Palaeonisciformes (Sturgeons)

56
Q

Actinopterygii (ray finned fishes)

A

-appeared ~225mya in late Triassic
-fins supported by numerous endoskeletal rays

57
Q

Teleosts are in the class

A

Neopterygii < Actinopterygii < Osteichthyes < Gnathostomes

58
Q

Sturgeons are (5)

A

-the largest species of freshwater fish
-some can migrate between freshwater and marine
-toothless
-live to ~100 years
-sexually mature at ~20 years

59
Q

Sturgeons are in the group

A

Palaeonisciformes < Actinopterygii < Osteichthyes < Gnathostomes

60
Q

Lungfishes are in the group

A

Sarcopterygii < Osteichythyes < Gnathostomes

61
Q

Sarcopterygii includes (2)

A

-lungfishes
-coelacanth

62
Q

The tetrapod limb evolved from the

A

Sarcopterygii fin (fleshy fin composed of soft muscles)

63
Q

Three genera of lungfishes

A

-Neoceratodus (QLD)
-Proptopterus (Africa)
-Lepidosiren (South America)

64
Q

Lungfishes (Sarcopterygii) (2)

A

-can breathe air when O2 levels in water fall or when pools dry out
-have a notochord

65
Q

Coelacanth are in the group

A

Sarcopterygii < Osteichythyes < Gnathostomes

66
Q

Coelacanth were thought to

A

Have become extinct 75 Mya

67
Q

Coelacanth possess (4)

A

-tiny vertebrae
-well developed notochord
-a swim bladder filled with fat (does not serve in respiration)
-lobe fins used to support and position

VETS1060: Final Exam (16 decks)

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