lecture 23 - approaches to taking action prevention, promotion, protection

Question 1

epidemiology definition

Answer 1

the study of distribution and determinants of health -related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

Question 2

population based strat 3 features

and examples

Answer 2

-focuses on the whole population

-aims to reduce health risks/ improve outcomes of all individuals in population

-useful for common disease or widespread cause

-vaccinations, legalised use of seatbelts, low salt foods in supermarkets

Question 3

importance of epidemiology

Answer 3

the need for prevention is growing as the limitations of curing disease become apparent as the costs of medical care escalate

Question 4

high risk strat 2 features

and examples of target populations

Answer 4

-focuses on individuals perceived to be a high risk
-intervention is well matched to the individuals and their concerns

-interventions targeting obese adults or drug users

Question 5

3 advantages of population based strategies

Answer 5

-behaviourally appropriate
-large potential for the whole population
-radical: addresses the underlying cause

Question 6

5 disadvantages of population based strategies

Answer 6

-less favourable and worrisome benefit to risk ratio
-not cost effective
-small benefit to individuals so
-poor individual motivation (doctors and patients)
-whole population is exposed to downside of strategy

Question 7

4 advantages of high risk strategies

Answer 7

-favourable benefit to risk ratio so
-high individual motivation
-cost effective use of resources
-well matched to individuals and their concerns

Question 8

prevention paradox

Answer 8

when the population benefits but the individual doesn’t

disadvantage of population based strategy

Question 9

4 disadvantages of high risk strategies

Answer 9

-behaviourally inappropriate
-temporary/palliative
-limited potential
-difficulties and costs of screening, need to identify individuals

Question 10

health promotion

Answer 10

-has wellbeing focus and acts on determinants of wellbeing

-involves whole population in everyday contexts

-enables/empowers people to increase control over and improve their health

Question 11

primary, secondary, tertiary healthcare services

Answer 11

primary - regular source GP, physiotherapists, pharmacists

secondary - specialists dermatologist neurologist

tertiary - rehabilitation, hospital based care

Question 12

alma ata prerequisites of health

Answer 12

4S PIE F
shelter, sustainable resources, stable ecosystem, social justice and equity, peace, income, education, food

Question 13

alma ata

Answer 13

-1978 declaration for primary health care
-international conference for health promotion in Kazakhstan
-protect and promote health of all
-advocated a health promotion approach to primary healthcare

Question 14

Ottawa charter for health promotion (WHO)

Answer 14

-first international conference on health promotion 21 november 1986
-“mobilise action for community development”

Question 15

4 acknowledgements of ottawa charter

Answer 15

-health as a human right

-requires both individual collective responsibility

-opportunity to have good health should be equally available

-good health is an essential element of social and economic development

Question 16

basic strategy of ottawa charter ENABLE

Answer 16

to provide opportunities for all individuals to make healthy choices through access to information, life skills, and supportive environments

Question 17

basic strategy of ottawa charter ADVOCATE

Answer 17

to create favourable political, social, physical, and cultural environments by advocating for health and focusing on achieving equity in health

Question 18

3 basic strategies ottawa charter levels

Answer 18

enable - individual level strat
advocate - systems level strat
mediate - strategy joins both individuals, groups and systems

Question 19

basic strategy of ottawa charter MEDIATE

Answer 19

to facilitate/bring together individuals, groups, and parties with opposing interests to collaborate/compromise for promotion of health

Question 20

5 priority areas of ottawa charter

Answer 20

-develop person skills
-strengthen community action
-create supportive environments
-reorient health services towards primary health care
-build public health policy

Question 21

disease prevention

Answer 21

-disease focus
-looks at particular disease/injuries and ways of preventing them
-incidence, prevalence, risk factors, impacts

Question 22

disease status of primary
and exmaples

Answer 22

primary - susceptible
-limits occurrence of disease by controlling specific risk factors and causes

-hence, reduces disease incidence

-vaccination

Question 23

disease status of secondary
and examples

Answer 23

secondary - asymptomatic
-early detection to reduce more serious consequences of disease

-hence, reduces prevalence

-screening women 45-49 for breast cancer

Question 24

disease status of tertiary
and examples

Answer 24

tertiary - symptomatic
-reduce the complications of established disease

-rehab services for burn patients

Question 25

health protection

Answer 25

-focus predominantly on environmental hazards

-risk/hazard assessment and monitoring (environmental epidemiology, safe air and water, biosecurity)

-occupational health (safety regulations on work sites, biomarkers of exposure to hazardous substances)

-risk communication (relating environmental risks to public)

Question 26

public health actions TB 5 priority areas

Answer 26

personal - anti TB education campaigns

community - TB prevention coordinated with community partners

supportive environ - improve living conditions (overcrowding)

reorient services - environ support TB testing, GP checking vaccine received

health policy - premigration screening, notification of proven/suspected TB cases

Question 27

ottawa charter diagram

Answer 27

wing cutting red ring - strengthen community action,
bottom of wing -develop personal skills

middle circle - enable advocate mediate

fat bowl under wing - create supportive environment

thin bowl under fat bowl - reorient health services