Lecture 23 Vertebrates - Tetrapods & Amphibians

Question 1

Tetrapod means

Answer 1

Four footed

Question 2

Tetrapods include (4)

Answer 2

-amphibians
-reptiles
-birds
-mammals

Question 3

Lateral line system is

Answer 3

A sensory system used for organisms in an aquatic environment, present in amphibian larvae but lost during metamorphosis

Question 4

Like modern amphibians, many ancestral tetrapods were

Answer 4

Aquatic as juveniles and terrestrial as adults

Question 5

Tetrapods adapted to a terrestrial existence through (2)

Answer 5

-limbs, pelvis, and pectoral girdle (ossified, fusion of bones)
-vertebral column with larger articulations to avoid sagging

Question 6

Modern amphibians represent

Answer 6

An intermediate in the transition from water to land

Question 7

Modern amphibians arose from the

Answer 7

Labyrinthodonts

Question 8

Acanthostega (6)

Answer 8

-four footed fish
-late Devonian period (~365 Mya)
-radial fins supporting a tail fin
-defined limbs with digits (8)
-weight bearing girdles
-internal gills

Question 9

Digits arose before

Answer 9

The transition to land

Question 10

Three orders of amphibians include

Answer 10

-Anura (frogs and toads)
-Urodela/Caudata (salamanders and newts)
-Gymnophiona/Apoda (caecilians)

Question 11

Modern amphibians arose about

Answer 11

200 million years ago in the Jurassic Period

Question 12

____ most closely resemble ancestral amphibians

Answer 12

Salamanders

Question 13

Metamorphosis from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults results in (3)

Answer 13

-lose of lateral line system
-lungs that replace gills
-development of legs

Question 14

How many species of amphibians are there worldwide

Answer 14

~3000

Question 15

Amphibians utilize ____ respiration

Answer 15

Cutaneous

Question 16

Cutaneous respiration is (2)

Answer 16

-gas exchange occurring in capillary beds within the epidermis
-large surface area to body mass ratio

Question 17

Modern amphibians have a very thin _____ which means

Answer 17

Stratum Corneum
-limited protection from abrasion and dehydration

Question 18

Amphibians have ___ digits on hind limbs and ___ in forelimbs

Answer 18

5, 4

Question 19

Articulate processes of amphibians (3)

Answer 19

-make up the vertebrae
-interlock
-provide rigidity and support out of water

Question 20

The pectoral girdle of amphibians is (2)

Answer 20

-no longer joined at the skull
-contains a cervical vertebrae (able to move head)

Question 21

The pelvic girdle of amphibians contains

Answer 21

Urostyle: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 22

Mucous glands in amphibians (2)

Answer 22

-are continuously secreted
-help prevent dehydration

Question 23

Granular glands are

Answer 23

Poison glands, often toxic if ingested or injected

Question 24

Chromatophores are (3)

Answer 24

-mostly found in the dermis
-produces coloration as a warning to predators
-creates a noxious skin secretion

Question 25

Eyelids and tear glands of amphibians are developed at

Answer 25

Metamorphosis

Question 26

In frogs and toads, fertilization is (2)

Answer 26

-external
-occurs in or near water

Question 27

In caecilians, fertilization is

Answer 27

-internal
-male and female press cloaca together and sperm is deposited into female’s cloaca

Question 28

In salamanders, fertilization is

Answer 28

-Internal
-male produces a spermatophore (cap of sperm on a gelatinous stalk) that is picked up by the female’s cloaca

Question 29

The evolution of ____ facilitated the success of vertebrates on land

Answer 29

Amniotic egg

Question 30

Amniotic egg contains (4)

Answer 30

Extraembryonic membranes:
-amnion
-allantois
-chorin
-yolk sac

Question 31

Amniotes include

Answer 31

-reptiles
-birds
-mammals

Question 32

Amnion (3)

Answer 32

-encloses embryo
-fluid filled
-protects embryo from mechanical shock

Question 33

Allantois (2)

Answer 33

-contains fetal urine
-contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

Question 34

Two parts of the amniotic egg that contribute to placenta are the

Answer 34

-allantois
-chorion

Question 35

Yolk sac

Answer 35

Source of nutrition for the embryo

Question 36

Chorion (2)

Answer 36

-outer envelope
-contributes to placenta in eutherian mammals

Question 37

In birds and reptiles, the amniotic egg is enclosed by a

Answer 37

Calcareous or leathery shell which prevents desiccation

Question 38

Eutherian mammals form a

Answer 38

Placenta

Question 39

Marsupials (therian mammals) deliver

Answer 39

Altricial young

Question 40

Monotremes have retained the

Answer 40

Egg shell

Question 41

Cotylosauria (2)

Answer 41

-“stem reptiles”
-basal group of amniotes

Question 42

Two major lineages in the evolution of amniotes include

Answer 42

-sauropsida (dinosaurs, birds, reptiles)
-synapsida (mammals)

Question 43

Sauropsids include

Answer 43

Dinosaurs, reptiles, and birds

Question 44

Amniotes can be grouped according to

Answer 44

The anatomy of the temporal region of the skull (ie. number of temporal fenestrae)

Question 45

Three types of skulls:

Answer 45

-anapsid
-diapsid
-synapsid

Question 46

Anapsid Skull (3)

Answer 46

-no fenestrae
-ancestral amniotes
-turtles and tortoises

Question 47

Diapsid Skull (2)

Answer 47

-two fenestrae
-dinosaurs, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, tuatara, birds

Question 48

Synapsid Skull (2)

Answer 48

-one fenestrae
-mammals