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Physiology > LECTURE 24 > Flashcards

LECTURE 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a critical influencer of muscle mass?

A

Innervation

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2
Q

What does an ergogenic acid do?

A

Allows the body to train/perform at a higher level

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3
Q

What does a stimulant do?

A

Temporarily increases the functional activity of efficiency of physiological systems

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4
Q

What is testosterone responsible for at endogenous levels?

A

Male phenotype, bone and muscle growth

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5
Q

What does testosterone do exogenously?

A

Increase protein synthesis

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6
Q

What are the precursors of testosterone?

A

DHEA, androstenedione

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7
Q

Is circulating testosterone higher in young or old animals?

A

Young - greater muscle mass and fibre size

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of DIRECT testosterone action?

A

Androgen receptor, located in skeletal muscle, stimulated by testosterone or DHT, receptor stimulation causes increased protein synthesis and increased muscle mass

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of INDIRECT testosterone action?

A

Modulate gene expression of autocrine and paracrine mediators via other receptors (IGF-1), alter secretion of other hormones that suppress skeletal muscle growth (cortisol)

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10
Q

What are the benefits of testosterone administration?

A

Hypertrophy, increased RBC, calcium deposit in bones, lipolysis, motivation

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11
Q

What are the administration levels of testosterone?

A

Male: exogenous 7mg/kg/day, medicinal 4-10mg/kg/day
Female: medicinal 0.04-0.12mg/kg/day

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12
Q

What is testosterone abuse?

A

When people are taking 100-350+ mg/day

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13
Q

What are the side effects of testosterone abuse?

A

Liver dysfunction, testicular atrophy, increased body hair, male pattern baldness, male breasts, acne, reduced HDL cholesterol

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14
Q

Where is GHRH from and what does it do?

A

From hypothalamus, stimulates somatrotrophin (GH) release from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibit GH release

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16
Q

What is unique about rhGH?

A

Indistinguishable from GH - has same effect

17
Q

What are the advantaged of GH?

A

Increases performance, decreases body fat, provides glucose and FFA during exercise, increases bone strength

18
Q

What is the proposed amount of GH administration?

A

250mg-1g/day

19
Q

What happens with an excess of GH?

A

Gigantism, organomegaly, acromegaly, hypertension, collagen deposition

20
Q

What are two characteristics of GH?

A

Anabolic and lipolytic

21
Q

What is the function of IGF-1?

A

Normal growth and repair of muscle

22
Q

How does IGF-1 act?

A

Binds to receptor, increases protein synthesis and decreases degradation, increases muscle mass

23
Q

What happens if insulin is not present?

A

GH loses much/all of its function

24
Q

What does IGF-1 do?

A

Increase muscle mass, strength and oxidative capacity

25
Q

What is a potential negative of IGF-1?

A

May cause growth of existing tumours

26
Q

What are beta agonists traditionally used for?

A

Bronchodilators for asthma - relax smooth muscle

27
Q

What happens when beta agonists are taken systemically at high levels?

A

Anabolic effects on muscle - may reverse muscle atrophy

28
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of beta agonists?

A

Increase muscle mass, fibre size, force producing capacity, slow-fast fibre transitions, enhanced muscle repair

29
Q

What is the metabolic action of beta agonists?

A

Inhibit calcium dependent proteolysis and FOXO mediated transcription of E3 ligases

30
Q

When is the chronic affect of beta agonists attenuated?

A

4 weeks

31
Q

When does receptor desensitisation occur?

A

After activation via beta adrenoceptor agonist, present on membrane but doesn’t function

32
Q

What is desensitisation?

A

Same adrenoceptor number, decreased function

33
Q

What is down regulation?

A

Decreased adrenoceptor number, same function

34
Q

What do affects of beta agonists depend on?

A

Type, dose, duration and treatment and mode of administration

35
Q

RASSL?

A

Receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands

36
Q

DREADD?

A

Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs

Physiology (12 decks)

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