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Microbio Test I > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a single, large circular DNA molecule containing all the genes for survival

A

Bacterial chromosome

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2
Q

small, circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome

A

plasmid

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3
Q

plasmid integrated into the chromosome

A

episome

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4
Q

is the plasmid replicated and transferred to daughter cells?

A

yes

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5
Q

do bacteria have exons and introns?

A

no

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6
Q

do bacteria have histones?

A

no

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7
Q

do viruses have extrachromosomal genetic elements?

A

yes - plasmids and bacteriophages

and hey- humans have them too (virus genetic material, plasmids)

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8
Q

describe transcription and translation in bacteria

A

coupled in one location
DNA->mRNA-> protein

human: DNA ->pre-mRNA-> mRNA-> protein happening in different places

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9
Q

polycistronic

A

multiple genes transcribed and translated at the same time from one mRNA

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10
Q

negative gene regulation

A

repressor is normally bound in the promoter/operator and must be removed for activation

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11
Q

positive gene regulation

A

activator needed to bind the RNA polymerase and get transcription and translation started

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12
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

genes passed via replication to progeny

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13
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

genes passed via 1) transformation 2) conjugation 3) transduction

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14
Q

how does horizontal gene transfer affect antibiotic resistance in bacteria

A

bacteria can become antibiotic resistant and produce new virulence factors more quickly through horizontal gene transfer than through vertical gene transfer

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15
Q

define transformation

A

uptake of free DNA from the environment that allows bacteria to gain new traits quickly

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16
Q

define homologous recombination

A

exchange of DNA between two DNA molecules based on homology

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17
Q

RecA

A

recombination machinery that mediates homologous recombination

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18
Q

define conjugation

A

DNA transfer directly from one bacterial cell to another through cell contact

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19
Q

what does the fertility factor (F-factor) contain?

A
  • tra operon

- oriT

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20
Q

tra operon

A

encodes components of the sex pilus

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21
Q

oriT (origen of transfer)

A

where a single stranded break occurs for transfer

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22
Q

what is needed to pass newly acquired DNA to progeny

A

homologous recombination

23
Q

recipeint

A

ALWAYS F-

24
Q

donor

A

must be F+ or Hfr

25
Q

F X F-

A

F- undergoes sex change to F+

No bacterial genes are transferred

26
Q

Hfr X F-

A

OriT is incorporated into the donor genome
Chromosomal DNA is transferred first, the tra genes are later
Connection usually doesn’t last long enough for sex change genes to transfer and recipient only recieves new bacterial chromosomal information

27
Q

transduction

A

transfer of bacterial DNA via a bacteriophage

28
Q

lytic/virulent phage life cycle stage

A

lytic replication upon entry

29
Q

temperate phage life cycle stage

A

lysogeny can excise and undertake lytic replication

30
Q

lysogeny

A

integration into the chromosome

31
Q

how does transduction transfer bacterial genes?

A

a lytic phage incorporates bacterial chromosomal DNA into its phage head, when it infects another bacteria the DNA can be incorporated via homologous recombination

32
Q

specialized transduction

A

lysogenic phage incorporates into host chromosome and when finally lytic, a small portion of the host chromosome DIRECTLY adjacent to where the phage was is integrated into the phage head

33
Q

transfer process: uptake of free DNA

A

transformation

34
Q

transfer process: Cell to cell transfer of DNA

A

conjugation

35
Q

transfer process: phage transfer of DNA

A

transduction

36
Q

which bacterial DNA transfer method requires cell to cell contact?

A

conjugation

37
Q

What is the only bacterial DNA transfer method that doesn’t require homologous transformation?

A

F x F- conjugation

38
Q

characteristics of intrinsic antibiotic resistance

A
  • not transferrable horizontally between bacteria

- not increasing among bacterial populations

39
Q

mycoplasma lack a cell wall: resistance type?

A

intrinsic antibiotic resistance

40
Q

define chromosome-mediated antibiotic resistance

A

chromosomal genes encoding antibiotic resistance

41
Q

how does chromosome-mediated antibiotic resistance arise?

A
  • random mutation during replication

- horizontal gene transfer and homologous recombination

42
Q

ribosomal proteins, penicillin-binding proteins, DNA gyrase: resistance type?

A

chromosome-mediated antibiotic resistance

43
Q

plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance defined

A

genes encoding antibiotic resistance located on a plasmid (R factor)

44
Q

plasmid with genes that encode proteins that degrade or modify an antibiotic or an efflux pump to pump antibiotic out of cell: type of resistance?

A

plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance

45
Q

Resistance factor (R factor) components

A
  1. Resistance transfer factor (RTF) (things needed for conjugation)
  2. Resistance determinant (genes for drug resistance)
46
Q

Define transposons

A

mobile DNA elements that can transfer themselves or a copy from one molecule of DNA to another

47
Q

Basic components of a transposon.

A
  1. indirect repeat sequences at each end
  2. single gene for transposase TnpA
  3. antibiotic resistance genes
48
Q

why indirect repeat sequences needed for transposons

A

recognition by transposase Tnp A

49
Q

TnpA

A

enzyme required for transposon movement

50
Q

true or false: transposons can jump between tow chromosomes, tow plasmids, or between one of each

A

TRUE

- as a result, multidrug resistance plasmids can be constructed and passed between bacterial species

51
Q

Integrons

A

encode a site specific recombination system that can capture multiple antibiotic resistance gene cassettes and the coordinately express them under the control of the integron promoter

52
Q

large, mobile genetic elements ususally…

A

associated with integrons

53
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

region of a bacterial chromosome acquired through horizontal gene transfer that often carries coordinately regulated virulence genes surrounded by insertion sequences

Microbio Test I (7 decks)

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