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Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In the conflict triangle, how are microbes described?

A
  • unique targets

* natural heterogeneity

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2
Q

What are unicellular organisms called?

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Why is staining and microscopy important in clinical microbiology (primary reason)?

A

It reflects the fundamental differences among bacteria.

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4
Q

What is included as a domain (division) in the phylogenetic tree of life?

A
  • bacteria
  • eukaryota
  • archaea
  • last universal ancestor
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5
Q

Describe the two main characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • no nucleus

* no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Where do archaea live?

A
  • volcanoes
  • oceans
  • extreme conditions
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7
Q

Eukaryotes are diverse and have what 3 ways of being described?

A
  • cellular organization
  • biochemistry
  • molecular biology
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8
Q

Describe the last universal ancestor.

A

It is common to bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota.

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9
Q

What is the meaning of the term prokaryote?

A

pro = before
karyon = nucleus
(before the nucleus)

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10
Q

What is the meaning of the term eukaryote?

A

eu = after
karyon = nucleus
(after the nucleus)

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11
Q

When was the evolution of the first prokaryote?

A

3.5 billion years ago (older type of cell)

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12
Q

When was the evolution of the first eukaryote?

A

1.5 billion years ago

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13
Q

What is the size of a prokaryote?

A

1 - 10 um (smaller)

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14
Q

What is the size of a eukaryote?

A

100 - 1000 um (larger)

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15
Q

Are unicellular cells called? Multicellular cells called?

A 
unicellular = prokaryotes
multicellular = eukaryotes
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16
Q

Do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

no

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17
Q

Do eukaryotes have organelles?

A

yes

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18
Q

Where is genetic information located in a prokaryote?

A

In the nucleoid region

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19
Q

Where is genetic information located in a eukaryote?

A

In the nucleus

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20
Q

Describe the DNA structure of a prokaryote; and how many chromosomes does it have?

A
  • circular

* usually one chromosome (DNA) with supercoiling and uncoiling enzymes

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21
Q

Describe the DNA structure of a eukaryote; and how many chromosomes does it have?

A
  • not circular–it is linear

* more than one chromosome

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22
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of a prokaryote?

A

asexual

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23
Q

What is the reproductive strategy of a eukaryote?

A

sexual

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24
Q

What is the oxygen requirement of a prokaryote?

A

anaerobic (no oxygen needed)

25
Q

What is the oxygen requirement of a eukaryote?

A

aerobic

26
Q

What are the similarities between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

A

Both have ribosomes and flagella

27
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus.

28
Q

What type of bacteria has a cell wall?

A

prokaryotic bacteria

29
Q

What size ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

70S

30
Q

What size ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

80S

31
Q

Describe the mitotic division of a prokaryote?

A

There is NO mitotic division.

32
Q

Describe the 4 steps in how a bacteria cell divides.

A
  1. Cell elongates and DNA is replicated.
  2. Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to divide.
  3. Cross wall forms completely around divided DNA
  4. Cells separate
33
Q

What is the problem for bacteria that are free living organisms (bacteria and yeast)?

A

Challenges in their host environment

34
Q

What are the 3 categories of demands do microbes have?

A
  • nutrition and adaptability
  • colonization and occupancy
  • resistance to antibiotics produced by other bacteria
35
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for photoautotrophs?

A 
energy = light
carbon = CO2
36
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for photoheterotrophs?

A 
energy = light
carbon = organic
37
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for chemoautotrophs?

A 
energy = chemical
carbon = CO2
38
Q

What is the energy source and carbon source for chemoorganotrophs?

A 
energy = chemical
carbon = organic
39
Q

What category do humans and bacteria fall into?

A

chemoorganotrophs

40
Q

What are chemoorganotrophs?

A

Organisms that depend on organic chemicals for their energy and carbon.

41
Q

How do bacteria protect its’ cytoplasmic membrane from environmental stresses?

A
  • osmotic pressure
  • presence of detergents
  • toxic effects of other microbes
  • change in physical or physiological environment
42
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

no net movement of water

43
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (OSMOLYSIS)

44
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (PLASMOLYSIS)

45
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A
  • gram negative = lipopolysaccharides, thin peptidoglycan

* gram positive = thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acid

46
Q

What does acid-fast bacteria have?

A
  • waxy lipids

* peptidoglycans

47
Q

What are the steps of gram staining?

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Crystal violet (purple dye)
  3. Iodine
  4. Decolorization with an Alcohol wash
  5. Counter stain with safranin
48
Q

What is heat fixing?

A

After the bacteria is stained, you pass the slide over a heat source and it will change color.

49
Q

What color will gram negative be?

A

red

50
Q

What color will gram positive be?

A

purple

51
Q

Describe the staining of acid fast. Give an example.

A

It is hard to stain. An example is tuberculosis.

52
Q

What happens during fixation to gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

They are both fixed to the plate and are colorless.

53
Q

What happens during the crystal violet phase of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Both are dyed purple.

54
Q

What happens during the iodine treatment of gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Both are light purple.

55
Q

What happens during the decolorization with alcohol wash to gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive stays light purple due to the thick layer of peptidoglycans. Gram negative loses its color (becomes colorless).

56
Q

What happens during the counter stain with safranin to gram positive and gram negative?

A
  • gram positive = stays purple

* gram negative = becomes red

57
Q

What does gram negative NOT have?

A

It does NOT have teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid.

58
Q

What is the major component of the outer component of gram negative bacteria?

A

LPS

59
Q

What are the 3 parts of LPS?

A
  • lipid A
  • core polysaccharide chain
  • repeating O unit (hydrophilic)

Microbiology (10 decks)

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