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GEOG 1010 B > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Radiant energy, in the form of electromagnetic

waves, is emitted at the speed of light by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero (-273° C)

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2
Q

Solar energy

A

Radiant energy

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from one wave crest to the next

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4
Q

Frequency

A

is the number of waves that pass a point per unit of time

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5
Q

Short wavelength

A

High frequency, higher energy, energy is more concentrated

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6
Q

Solar radiation

A

Shortwave radiation

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7
Q

Visible light spectrum

A

.4 to .7 micrometer

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8
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A 
Cosmic rays
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet light 
*VISIBLE SPECTRUM*
Infrared radiation 
Microwaves
Radio waves
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9
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

A

Hot objects radiate more energy (at all wavelengths) than cooler objects

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10
Q

Wien’s law

A

The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of peak radiation

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11
Q

Solar radiation emitted by the Sun

A

Shortwave radiation

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12
Q

Radiation emitted by the Earth

A

Longwave radiation

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13
Q

Insolation

A

Incoming solar radiation

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14
Q

Incoming solar radiation

A

the flow of solar energy intercepted by the Earth`s surface and atmosphere

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15
Q

Insolation

A

Depends on latitude and time of the year

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16
Q

Distribution of Insolation

A

Oblique angles:

  • larger surface area receiving insolation
  • more diffused
  • ex: June 22; most radiation is received at 23.5N

Direct angles:

  • ex: Equniox
  • radiation / sun rays arrive parallel to the Earth
  • more concentrated area
  • smaller surface area
  • annually 2.5 times more energy than the poles
17
Q

What determines daily insolation?

A
  • angle of incidence (controlled by latitude and time of year)
  • the length of exposure or day length (also controlled by latitude and time of year)
  • the cloud cover and atmospheric composition (highly variable in time and space)
18
Q

Daily insolation occurs

A

At the top of the atmosphere

- radiation has not passed through the different layers of the atmosphere

19
Q

3 Main Energy Pathways

A

Radiative Interactions:

  • Transmission (reaches the surface)
  • Reflection (back into outer space / the atmosphere)
  • Absorption (by molecules of the atmosphere and the Earth)
20
Q

What is Scattering?

A
  • Scattering is transmission; is the redirection of electromagnetic radiation, by gas molecules and particles, without changing its wavelength
  • Shorter wavelengths are scattered more easily than longer wavelengths
  • there is a preference to scatter shorter waves (.4 micrometers)
  • in all directions
21
Q

Albedo

A
  • Reflection
  • is the percent of shortwave radiative energy or insolation that is reflected by a surface
  • Whiter objects: higher albedo
  • Darker objects: lower albedo
  • What is reflected back depends on the nature of the object, colour, and texture
22
Q

Absorption

A

is the assimilation of radiation by molecules of matter and its conversion from one form of energy to another (e.g. heat energy or chemical energy)

  • increases the temperature of a surface
  • absorbs heat and converts it into energy, increasing temperature
  • land, water, atmospheric gases, dust, clouds, stratospheric ozone all absorb insolation
23
Q

Methods of heat transfer

A

Radiative

Non-radiative

24
Q

Radiative

A

warmer surfaces emit more energy, and that energy is emitted at shorter wavelengths

25
Q

Non-radiative

A
  • physical motion
  • Conduction (molecule-to-molecule contact), OR
  • Convection (vertical mixing of fluids)
26
Q

Sensible heat transfer

A

Conduction and convection

  • can feel the heat transfer
  • energy is transferred
27
Q

Latent heat

A
  • energy absorbed or released during a phase change, like evaporation
  • cannot feel the heat transfer
  • energy is transmitted

GEOG 1010 B (4 decks)

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