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Biology 161 > Lecture 3: Cellular Basis of Life > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Cellular Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

(a) Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life.
(b) Activity of organism depends on the individual and collective activities of the cell.
(c) Activity of a cell is dictated by subcellular structures.
(d) Continuity of life has a cellular basis

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2
Q

Basic Characteristics of all cells

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Semifluid substance(cytosol)
  3. Chromosomes(carry genetic info)
  4. Ribosomes(make proteins)
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3
Q

Size of an organism usually varies directly with what

A

The number of cells it is made of

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4
Q

Cells can be thought of as

A

Manufacturing plants

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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6
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

Prokaryotic characteristics

A

no nucleus-DNA in unbound region
no membrane bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

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8
Q

The unbound region oin a prokaryotic cell where DNA is stored

A

Nucleoid

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9
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells

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10
Q

Eukaryotic characteristics

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • DNA in a nucleus surounded by a nuclear envelope
  • Cytoplasm in the region between plamsa membrane and nucleus
  • Much larger than prokaryotic cells
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11
Q

Vesicles

Structure:

A

Structure: membranous sac

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12
Q

type of intercellular transportation

A
  • Exocytosis
  • endocytosis
  • transcytosis
  • vesicular trafficking
  • phagocytosis
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13
Q

Exocytosis

A

moving substances from the cell interior into the extracellular space

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14
Q

Endocytosis

A

moving substances from extracellular space to the cell interior

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15
Q

Transcytosis

A

moving substances into, across then out of the cell

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16
Q

Vesicular Trafficking

A

moving substances from one area in the cell to another

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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

psuedopods engulf solids and then bring them into the cell’s interior

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18
Q

Vacuoles

Structure:

A

Structure: Large membranous sacs similar to vesicles

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19
Q

Different types of vacuoles

A

Food, contractile, central

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20
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Store and digest food ingested by phagocytosis

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21
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Collect and pump excess water out of cells

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22
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

Store organic compounds and water

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23
Q

Central Vacuoles are found in

A

Plant Cells

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24
Q

Contractile vacuoles are found mostly in

A

Freshwater protists

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25
Q

Food vacuoles are found mostly in many

A

protists

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26
Q

Lysosomes

Structure:

A

Structure: a membranous sac containing hydrolytic enzymes

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27
Q

What environment do lysosomes work best in?

A

one that is acidic and inside a lysosome

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28
Q

Peroxisomes

Structure:

A

Structure: membranous sace containing enzymes

29
Q

Mitochondria

Structure:

A

Structure: Double membrane organelle that contians it’s own DNA and RNA

30
Q

The cell’s primary energy carrying molecule

A

ATP

31
Q

Chloroplasts

Structure:

A

Structure: Double membrane contains its own DNA and RNA

  • Stroma
  • thylakoids
32
Q

Stroma-

A

internal fluids

33
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacs stacked to form (contain chlorophyll) granum

34
Q

Cytoskeletons

A

Structure: ??????????????
Function: cell shape

35
Q

Structure of the nucleus

A
  • Nuclear membrane
  • chromosomes/chromatin
  • nucleolus
  • structures for transcribing genetic info into RNA
36
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus(two phospholipid bilayers)

37
Q

Chromosomes/Chromatin

A

Contain genetic information in the form of DNA that provides the blueprints for proteins

38
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains structures for making ribosomes

39
Q

Ribosomes make what

A

Proteins

40
Q

Transcribe

A

To make a full typed/written copy of info or to transfer from one recording or storing system to another

41
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All the fluid and structures within the cell that are not part of the nucleus

42
Q

Cytosol

A

a watery solution of dissolved proteins, salts, sugars, and other solute within the cytoplams

43
Q

Ribosomes

Structure:

A

Structure: made of proteins and RNA

44
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Synthesize soluble polypetides to be used in the cell

45
Q

Membrane bound ribosomes

A

Synthesize polypeptides to be incorporated into membranes and exported out of cell

46
Q

Two parts of the endoplasmic Recticulum

A

Rough and smooth ER

47
Q

Rough ER

Structure:

A

Structure: Network of branching membranous sacs

-ribosomes present

48
Q

Smooth ER

Structure:

A

Structure: Network of branching membranous sacs

-no ribosomes present

49
Q

Function of smooth ER in cells in testes

A

Synthesize lipids and steroids needed by the cell

50
Q

Function of smooth ER of cells in intestines

A

Absorb and transport

51
Q

Function of Smooth ER in cells in the liver

A

Break down lipids that are poisionous to the cell

52
Q

Function of smooth ER in cells in muscles

A

storage of calcium

53
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Structure:

A

Structure: Flattened membranous sacs

54
Q

Plasma membrane

Structure:

A

Structure:

  • phospholipid bilayer
  • transport and receptor proteins
  • cholesterol(steroid)
  • glycolipids(lipids with attached carbs)
55
Q

Cell Wall

Structure:

A

Structure:

  • Carbohydrate fibers in a carbohydrate or protein matrix
  • not a membrane
56
Q

Cilia and Flagella

Structure:

A

Structure:-Extension of the plasma membrane contain a complex of proteins that support and move the structure

  • structure differences result in different movement patterns between flagella
  • generally only one or two flagella per cell but usually may cilia per cell
57
Q

Vesicles

Functions:

A

Function: Transportation of materials within the cell

58
Q

Cilia and Flagella

Function:

A

Function: move the cell through fluid(C & F) or move the fluid past the cell(C)

59
Q

Cell Wall

Function:

A

Function: Protection, structural support

60
Q

Plasma Membrane

Function:

A

Function:

  • Separate intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
  • controls what enters and leaves the cell
  • communication
61
Q

Smooth ER

Function:

A

Function: manufacture phospholipids for the plasma membrane??

  • synthesize lipids and steroids needed by the cell
  • break down lipids that are poisonous to the cell
  • storage of calcium
62
Q

Rough ER

Function:

A

Function: produce proteins that will carry messages, act as membranes pumps, act as enzymes, or provide structure.

63
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Function:

A

Function: Modify and package proteins and other cell products received in vesicles from the
-ship out the ‘finished’ product in vesicles to appropriate part of cell or to the plasma membrane for secretion from the cell.

64
Q

Ribosomes

Function:

A

Function: carries out polypeptide synthesis through the process of translation(Ribosomes read mRNA and interpret it into proteins)

65
Q

Chloroplasts

Function:

A

Function: production of ATP and sugars via photosythesis

66
Q

Mitochondria

Function:

A

Function: Synthesizes most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

67
Q

Peroxisomes

Function:

A

Function: perform reactions & remove hydrogen atoms from certain molecules and transfers them to oxygen whichproduces hydrogen peroxide which is then turned to water

68
Q

Vacuoles

Function:

A

Function: Storage

69
Q

lysosomes

Function:

A

Function: lysosomal enzymes hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

Biology 161 (2 decks)

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