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Psychology 302 > Lecture 3: Gestures & Body Language (Parts 1-4) [test 2] > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Gestures & Body Language (Parts 1-4) [test 2] Flashcards

1
Q

cultural differences in gestures set human groups apart from each other and are _____

a. genetic
b. environmentally learned

A

b. environmentally learned

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2
Q

t/f- humans are creatures of mimicry, and we rely on mimicking behaviours to learn, especially in childhood

A

true

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3
Q

we tend to mimic people who…

a. we believe to be most dominant
b. we believe to have the most social status
c. we like
d. we fear

A

c. we like (ie., friends, family)

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4
Q

_____ is an integral component of cohesiveness in discussion and communication

a. smiling
b. waving
c. pointing
d. mimicry

A

d. mimicry

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5
Q

Canada and the USA have similar gestures, apart from …, where … (2 gestures) are more allowable and important, relative to the rest of Canada and USA

A

Western Canada, smiles, touching those around you

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6
Q

waving your fingers downwards means … in Puerto Rico and Korea, and … in the USA

a. goodbye, come here
b. come here, goodbye
c. back off, welcome
d. welcome, back off

A

b. come here, goodbye

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7
Q

waving with your fingers faced upwards is considered to be ____ in South Korea, because …

a. respectful, this how to greet an authority figure
b. respectful, this is a sign of submission
c. rude, this is how you gesture towards dogs
d. rude, this is how you gesture towards prisoners

A

c. rude, this is how you gesture towards dogs

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8
Q

a question about what is happening can be associated with … in certain cultures

a. furrowed brow
b. wiggling of nose
c. stamping of foot
d. rotation of wrist

A

b. wiggling of nose

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9
Q

in parts of South America, Asia, and Africa, it’s common to point with the ____

a. lips
b. elbow
c. foot
d. torso

A

a. lips

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10
Q

in Western countries, it’s common to point with…

a. index finger
b. whole hand
c. both
d. neither

A

c. both

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11
Q

how is pointing towards, or signalling, other Saudi Arabians with your hand perceived in Saudi Arabia?

A

impolite and offensive

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12
Q

a left handed person cannot eat, gesture, send items/gifts with their left hand in saudi arabia because…

A

left hand is considered dirty and should only be used for bodily functions

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13
Q

pointing the soles of your shoes or crossing your legs at someone in this country is a strong sign of disrespect, as is throwing your shoes at them

A

saudi arabia

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14
Q

in many eastern European countries, it’s disrespectful to have a conversation with your…

a. jacked unzipped
b. eyes not meeting the other person’s gaze
c. feet pointing outwards
d. hands in your pockets

A

d. hands in your pockets

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15
Q

t/f- despite some cultural differences, there is also a fundamental shared element in NVC that stems from our biology

A

true

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16
Q

t/f- facial expressions are strongly influenced by environmental exposure from a young age

A

true

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17
Q

in Western society, ____ (men or women- choose) are more strongly encouraged to show more positive emotions and reduce displays of negative emotions

A

women

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18
Q

t/f- in Western culture, men are more strongly encouraged to reduce incidence of crime, but expressions of anger and frustration are not as restrained by societal norms/expectations

A

true

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19
Q

statement 1: females smile more than males
statement 2: when females smile, they are more likely to show teeth
statement 3: there is a strong social component to both these statements, and they are contingent on enviro factors
which statement(s) are true?

A

all

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20
Q

t/f- males AND females in Western culture are overall more likely to show more positive or neutral emotions than negative ones in public

A

true

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21
Q

cultures that value greater power distance, embeddedness, and hierarchy endorse … of anger

a. amplification and expression
b. expression and qualification
c. masking and amplification
d. neutralization and masking

A

d. neutralization and masking

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22
Q

cultures that are individualistic and egalitarian ensures … of anger

a. expression and deamplification
b. masking and qualification
c. neutralization and masking
d. qualification and expression

A

a. expression and deamplification

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23
Q

men communicate these 3 things with their NVC according to Richardson

A
  1. authority
  2. activity
  3. independence
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24
Q

women communicate these 3 things with their NVC according to Richardson

A
  1. passivity
  2. submissiveness
  3. dependence
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25
Q

_____ are more likely to bring legs close together, keeping upper arms close to trunks, and present their entire bodies as moving wholes
(men or women- choose)

A

women

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26
Q

____ keep legs spread apart, move arms away from trunks of bodies, present their trunks as moving independently from arms and hips
(men or women- choose)

A

men

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27
Q

____ display more shrinkage behaviours and ___ are more expansive and take up space (men or women- choose)

A

women, men

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28
Q

males convey authority, activity, and independence through their ____ postures

a. gestural
b. shrinkage
c. upright
d. expansive

A

d. expansive

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29
Q

females convey passivity, submissiveness, and dependence via their ____ posture, and men can also convey these things with this posture

a. slouched
b. resting
c. shrinkage
d. withdrawn

A

c. shrinkage

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30
Q

Richardson (1981) noted that via NVC, men convey authority, activity, and independence, while women convey passivity, submissiveness, and dependence. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

a. these trends are untrue
b. these trends were true in 1981, but aren’t anymore
c. these trends were true in 1981 and still are
d. these trends are changing as we more towards a more egalitarian society

A

d. these trends are changing as we more towards a more egalitarian society

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31
Q

____ have more open, and ____ more closed postures

men or women- choose

A

men, women

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32
Q

individuals with a gender identity that is more androgynous tend to…

a. use stereotypically male kinesic behaviours (ie., expansive, open)
b. use stereotypically female kinesic behaviours (ie., shrinkage)
c. use both, depending on context and gender identity
d. use neither, forming a new class of hybrid stereotypical behaviours

A

c. use both, depending on context and gender identity

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33
Q

which sex produces larger gestures?

A

men- more expansive

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34
Q

t/f- women smile, nod heads, and produce more gestures, and these backchanelling cues provide important feedback during interactions

A

true

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35
Q

t/f- the left hemisphere has been found to be superior for processing co-speech gestures among 90% of right handers and 33% of left handers

A

true

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36
Q

t/f- the vast majority of right and left-handers present left-hemisphere dominance for language processing concerning object manipulation (ie, non-communicative) tasks

A

true

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37
Q

t/f- there are important differences among right and left-handed individuals in their lateralization for communicative vs. non-communicative activities

A

true

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38
Q

t/f- gestures and body language that occur in absence of speech are mostly right hemi processed

A

true

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39
Q

Cochet found that in children, asymmetry in reaching (in terms of the hand used to reach) was correlated with…

a. pointing
b. symbolic gestures
c. both
d. neither

A

a. pointing

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40
Q

t/f- men are more accurate in decoding honest NVC

A

false- women are

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41
Q

both men and women who are depressed are less accurate at decoding, with the exception of the emotion of ____

A

sadness

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42
Q

decoding

A

being able to read emotional expressions

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43
Q

women are more accurate at decoding than men. However, women engage in more face to face communication. When this variable is controlled for (eg., by looking at male therapists/men who are more likely to communicate face to face), what is the result?

a. women are still more accurate
b. men are more accurate
c. there are no differences
d. the results are inconclusive

A

c. there are no differences (indicating that accuracy in decoding is an exposure variable)

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44
Q

rank the 6 basic universal emotions (excluding contempt) in order of accuracy of decoding (high to low)

A

1) Happiness
2) Surprise
3) Disgust
4) Anger
5) Sadness
6) Fear

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45
Q

what is one potential reason that we are the best at decoding happiness (of the 6 universal emotions)?

a. we are genetically predisposed to it
b. we are exposed to happiness more than the other 5 emotions
c. we look forward to happiness the most
d. all of the above

A

b. we are exposed to happiness more than the other 5 emotions

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46
Q

children from high expressive families tend to be more/less (choose) accurate decoders than children from low expressive families

A

more

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47
Q

adults from low expressive families are more accurate decoders than those who grew up in high expressive families- why might this be, especially when considering that children from high expressive families tend to be more accurate decoders than children from low expressive families?

A

people from low expressive families had to learn, throughout later childhood and teenage years, how to subtly determine small emotional expressions that were likely partial and subtle in nature

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48
Q

4 factors influencing facial expression identification

A
  1. Depth of processing
  2. Exposure time
  3. Retention interval
  4. Illumination in the room
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49
Q

depth of processing (one of 4 factors influencing facial expression identification)

A

how effortful/motivated someone is to process the face/decode the facial expression

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50
Q

exposure time (one of 4 factors influencing facial expression identification)

A

time someone has to evaluate the facial expression; more time = higher likelihood of success in decoding

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51
Q

retention interval (one of 4 factors influencing facial expression identification)

A

time between viewing of face and reporting of emotion- the GREATER this internal is, the LESS likely an accurate decoding will occur (you are more likely to be accurate if exposed to a face and then you immediately report the emotion you saw)

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52
Q

illumination (one of 4 factors influencing facial expression identification)

A

lighting under which we see the facial expression- better lighting = improved ability to decode expression

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53
Q

___ engage in more eye contact (men v women)

A

women

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54
Q

humans dislike being stared at when unable to…

a. escape the vicinity
b. gesture their discomfort
c. see their interlocutor (eg., if they are wearing sunglasses or a hat)

A

c. see their interlocutor (eg., if they are wearing sunglasses or a hat)

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55
Q

people dislike being stared at when they cannot see their interlocutor (eg., due to them wearing sunglasses and a hat, when you aren’t wearing them). This is because the law of ____ cannot hold, and there is an imbalance in terms of emotional signals that people are receiving, causing more strained communication

a. equality
b. connectivity
c. human processing
d. reciprocation

A

d. reciprocation

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56
Q

eye contact is useful for regulating interactions- for instance, a speaker may look away from someone briefly, then return their gaze back to them. What would they be indicating?

A

that they are finished speaking and are conceding the floor, and that the other person should step in and say something

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57
Q

communication tends to be strained when we cannot see our interlocutor (ie., due to them wearing hat, sunglasses) because …, which is useful in regulating interactions, cannot occur

a. eye contact
b. NVC
c. hand gesturing
d. haptic feedback

A

a. eye contact

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58
Q

in one-on-one communication, how would frequent eye contact influence positive, versus negative verbal content?

A

positive- makes it perceived as more positive

negative- makes it perceived as more negative

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59
Q

comment on the levels of eye contact that an individual with high self-esteem would likely exhibit when receiving a personally positive vs negative message

A

positive- increased

negative- decreased

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60
Q

comment on the levels of eye contact that an individual with moderate self-esteem would likely exhibit when receiving a personally positive vs negative message

A

decreased eye contact for both types of messages

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61
Q

comment on the levels of eye contact that an individual with low self-esteem would likely exhibit when receiving a personally positive vs negative message

A

positive- less eye contact

negative- more eye contact

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62
Q

BONUS: research on eye contact has found different levels of eye contact in response to positive vs negative messages, depending on one’s levels of self-esteem. What is a potential confound with this research?

a. small n
b. p-value hacking
c. cultural bias due to research being done in Western populations

A

c. cultural bias due to research being done in Western populations

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63
Q

comment on/explain the levels of eye contact/gaze one may exhibit with a partner…

a. early on in the relationship
b. after years of being together

A

early on- more eye contact/gaze- person is less predictable, since you barely know them
later on- less eye contact/gaze- person is more predictable, and there is a lot less guessing re their emotional responses

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64
Q

eye contact/gaze ____ as another person’s behaviour becomes more predictable (increases vs decreases)

A

decreases

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65
Q

averted eye gaze by the listener is more common if they are…

a. tired
b. bored
c. engaged
d. intimidated

A

b. bored

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66
Q

sustained, unblinking eye contact is usually interpreted as … OR …

a. curiosity, obsession
b. intimidation, disinterest
c. lust, intent to aggress
d. warning, love

A

c. lust, intent to aggress

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67
Q 
a high degree of prolonged eye contact (with blinking and nodding- not staring) results in the person doing the eye contact being evaluated as all of the following EXCEPT:
Also, how would someone who does not engage in a high degree of prolonged eye contact be evaluated?
a. Attentive
b. Competent
c. Dominant
d. Good social skills
e. Mentally healthy
f. Having intense feelings
g. all of the above
A

g. all of the above

person with low degree of prolonged eye contact- evaluated as opposite of all of the above

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68
Q

BONUS- t/f- people who engage in a high degree of prolonged eye contact are evaluated more positively

A

true

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69
Q

what is the effect of an interviewee engaging in gaze aversion during an interview? how are they perceived?

A

reduces likelihood of getting hired, comes off as incompetent, uncomposed, unsociable, and passive

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70
Q

is the effect of an interviewee engaging in constant gaze during an interview positive or negative ?

A

results in positive outcomes, though not significantly different from typical eye gaze

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71
Q

2 deviations from typically conversational gaze patterns that occur during interviews

a. gaze reduction, inhibition
b. gaze aversion, constant gaze
c. intense gaze, distracted gaze

A

b. gaze aversion, constant gaze

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72
Q

match each dyad to the statement appropriately describing the differences for that dyad
male/male
male/female
female/female
1. no significant differences in gaze behaviour (applies to 2 of the above situations)
2. more mutual gaze and less small talk

A

male/male & male/female- no significant differences in gaze behaviour
female/female- more mutual gaze and less small talk

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73
Q

people with large pupils are perceived as … than people with smaller pupils

a. more intelligent
b. more sophisticated
c. more attractive
d. more stoic

A

c. more attractive

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74
Q

people with large pupils are perceived as more attractive than people with smaller pupils, a process which occurs ____

a. consciously
b. unconsciously

A

b. unconsciously

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75
Q

in a study where participants indicated higher levels of attractiveness for an individual with bigger pupils, participants gave the following reason for their ratings:

a. found them to have more symmetrical faces
b. found them to be more sexually charged
c. found them to have a smaller nose
d. could not give a reason for rating them higher vs people with smaller pupils

A

d. could not give a reason for rating them higher vs people with smaller pupils (indicating this is an unconscious process)

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76
Q

t/f- large pupils radiate warmth

A

true

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77
Q

Sydney wants to appear more attractive and enlarge her pupils. According to the lecture, she may want to consider…

a. eye surgery
b. marijuana
c. belladona
d. ritalin

A

c. belladona (deadly nightshade plant shown to treat asthma and enlarge pupils)

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78
Q

people with smaller pupils are perceived as all of the following EXCEPT:

a. untrustworthy
b. dominant
c. deceptive
d. cold

A

b. dominant

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79
Q

t/f- there is some evidence that evaluating pupil size as having an impact on attractiveness emerges early on in puberty

A

true

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80
Q

male and female students (11-16yo) judge 2 images of someone’s face- one with big and one with small pupils. Which statement would be the most true of the results?

a. there would be no difference, with all students rating the large pupils as more attractive
b. boys would rate the large pupils as MUCH more attractive than girls would
c. girls would rate the large pupils as MUCH more attractive than boys would
d. all age groups would rate larger pupils as more attractive, but females would rate the large pupils as more positive than males would

A

d. all age groups would rate larger pupils as more attractive, but females would rate the large pupils as more positive than males would

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81
Q

how might the pupils indicate interest in something?

A

dilate (become wider)

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82
Q

list 3 physiological factors which can impact pupil dilation

A
  1. darkness- pupils dilate with more darkness to take in more light
  2. drugs- some can cause dilation, others cause constriction
  3. alcohol
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83
Q

Jackson likes to take amphetamines, methamphetamines, LSD, weed, antihistamines, cocaine, and eyedrops. While taking these substances, his pupils are likely to…

A

dilate

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84
Q

Benjamin likes to take opiates (codeine, fentanyl, heroin, morphine). His pupils are likely to ___ when he is taking these drugs

A

constrict

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85
Q

the ____ (structure in brain) plays a strong role in memory, motivation, influencing how we make decisions, and is VERY influential in determining emotional responses. It is studied extensively in studying empathy and psychopathy.

A

amygdala

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86
Q

an fMRI study found which of the following? (multiple statements are true)

a. most people say that cats are cute if their pupils are more strongly dilated (big)
b. there is a significant increase in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on human faces
c. there is a significant increase in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on cat faces
d. there is no significant difference in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on cat faces
e. there is no significant difference in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on human faces

A

a. most people say that cats are cute if their pupils are more strongly dilated (big)
b. there is a significant increase in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on human faces
d. there is no significant difference in amygdala activity in response to images of large vs small pupils on cat faces
- essentially, there is unique activation in the amygdala in response to pupil size only on human faces, despite subjective ratings of cats being cuter with larger pupils

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87
Q

Patrick is planning a lie he is going to tell. Ryan is in the process of telling a lie. Comment on their pupil activity

A

Patrick- will be constricted (occurs when coming up with lies)
Ryan- will be dilated (occurs when actually telling lies)

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88
Q

t/f- people’s pupils dilate more during deceptive, versus truthful, answers

A

true

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89
Q

dilation of pupils reflects the amount of … that is required to perform a task (eg., telling a lie)

a. time
b. interest
c. mental effort
d. intelligence

A

c. mental effort

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90
Q

people are more likely to consider … as an indicator of deception

a. pupil dilation
b. eye gaze

A

b. eye gaze

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91
Q

match each hemi (right and left) to its functions

  • emotional and subjective actions
  • objective and rational functions
A
  • emotional and subjective actions- right

- objective and rational functions- left

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92
Q

t/f- speech is more left lateralized and processing of visual/spatial info is more right lateralized

A

true

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93
Q

t/f- our direction of gaze is reflective of hemispheric processing

A

true

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94
Q

… may reveal whether the left or right hemi is playing a stronger role at the time

a. sustained gaze
b. rapid eye movement (REM)
c. Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements (CLEMs)
d. pupil dilation

A

c. Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements (CLEMs)

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95
Q

which hemisphere may be playing a stronger role when looking to the left? right?

A

left- right and VV

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96
Q

in a study that compared CLEMs for numerical and musical questions, people looked to the ___ more when answering numerical questions, and to the ____ more when answering musical questions (right v left)

A

right (indicates left hemi processing for numerical), left (indicates right hemi processing for musical)

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97
Q

t/f- people can typically accurately detect some characteristics of someone else by their physical appearance, how they present themselves

A

true

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98
Q

many elements of identification and self-presentation are related to the ____ of an individual

a. age
b. sex
c. attractiveness
d. status

A

d. status

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99
Q

dominant poses involve taking up more space and …, while submissive poses involve taking up less space and …
fill in the blanks with the appropriate orientation of the HEAD

A

dominant- chin up

submissive- holding head downwards

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100
Q

power is shown in intimate relationships through all of the following EXCEPT:

a. posture
b. interrupting
c. eye contact
d. power is shown through all of these

A

d. power is shown through all of these

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101
Q

people with a more erect posture and who interrupt more in relationships tend to be ____ (higher vs lower- pick) status

A

higher

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102
Q

people who lower heads and have lower levels of eye contact in a relationship typically have ____ status (higher or lower- pick)

A

lower

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103
Q

status vs power of status

A

status- individual’s social position (as judged by other members of social group)
power of status- determined by attitudes about characteristics (eg., attractiveness, age, sex)

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104
Q

t/f- status is the same as power

A

false

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105
Q

higher status interviewers tend to…

a. elicit shorter pauses (compared to lower status interviewers) from interviewees
b. make more eye contact
c. engage in greater total speech
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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106
Q

why do higher status interviewers typically elicit a shorter pause from the interviewee?

A

interviewee feels uncomfortable, submissive, and feels urgency to respond

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107
Q

in a dyad, is greater total speech considered an indicator of power and status differences?

A

yes (more = higher power)

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108
Q

the ____ (pick: high or low) status individual in a dyad typically initiates the distance and closeness of a relationship

A

high

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109
Q

Andy is watching his friends Rebecca and Sam having a conversation. He wants to find out which one of them is lower status. What should he watch for?

a. who keeps their hands in their pockets more
b. who breaks eye contact first
c. who touches their face more
d. who touches their neck more

A

b. who breaks eye contact first

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110
Q 
which of the following would NOT be seen in someone attempting to be persuasive?
More eye contact
More head nods
More gesturing
More facial expression and activity
Moderate relaxation 
Smaller reclining angles
Differences in body orientation
Use “open” gestures
-
All of these would be seen
A

All of these would be seen

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111
Q

when attempting to persuade someone, males use more ____ body orientation, while female use more ____ orientation (direct vs indirect)

A

males- indirect

female- direct (facing interlocutor)

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112
Q

when attempting to persuade someone, males tend to use more indirect body orientation, and females use more direct. How (if at all) would this change if the person being persuaded is male? female?

A

if male, both male and female PERSUADERS use more indirect body orienation
no change if female

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113
Q

t/f- dominant people rarely establish eye contact

A

false- they usually do

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114
Q

whether an interaction is positive or negative depends on…

a. eye contact
b. smiles
c. head nods
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

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115
Q

t/f- elevation increases power and perceived dominance

A

true (eg., person standing up at table while everyone else is sitting perceived as dominant)

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116
Q

you see a group of people are sitting around a table, and you want to tell who is being perceived as most dominant. You should look for…

a. who has the best posture
b. who is talking the loudest
c. who is refraining from blinking
d. who looks most relaxed

A

a. who has the best posture (elevation increases dominance/power)

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117
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differences between males and females of the same species (in addition to sex organs)

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118
Q

less dominant women prefer ____ men, and more dominant women prefer ____ men
fill in blanks: shorter, taller

A

taller, shorter

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119
Q

t/f- the preferences of more dominant women for shorter men and less dominant women for taller men generalizes directly to their real life mate choices

A

false- does not (based on this, we can conclude that other factors apart from height contribute to mate choice)

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120
Q

Among males, body size is correlated with:

a. Male dominance rank
b. Fighting ability
c. Physical strength
d. Reproductive success
e. all of these

A

e. all of these

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121
Q

Among males, facial masculinity is associated with:

a. Physical strength
b. Reproductive potential
c. Dominance rank
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

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122
Q

Height is positively associated with men’s:

a. Reproductive success
b. Physical strength
c. Physical aggression
d. Fighting ability
e. Social status
f. all of these

A

f. all of these

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123
Q

t/f- research shows that observers can accurately judge a male’s fighting ability and physical strength from face photos alone (potentially reflecting an association int terms of facial masculinity and strength)

A

true

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124
Q

why might shorter men be more sensitive to cues of dominance in other men?

A

shorter men = less dominant = may incur greater costs if they incorrectly perceive dominance of rivals

125
Q

t/f- height is NOT a reliable index of male domiance

A

false- it is

126
Q

would a shorter or taller man likely be better at accurately perceiving subtle alterations to masculinization or feminization of someone’s face (ie, more accurate at perceiving dominance)?

A

shorter

127
Q

in a study examining the relationship between height and sensitivity to masculinization of faces, researchers altered these 2 regions of a photo of a man’s face to make him appear more/ masculine or feminine

a. eye region
b. nose
c. ears
d. chin

A

eye region, chin

128
Q

quasi-courtship behaviour

A

when both sexes note sexual interest in one another

129
Q

4 general stages of quasi-courtship behaviour (just list)

A
  1. courtship readiness
  2. preening behaviour
  3. postural cues
  4. appeals to invitation
130
Q

courtship readiness (1/4 stages of quasi-courtship behaviour)

A

increased muscle tone, less slouch, decreasing belly sag (holding breath in)

131
Q

t/f- during courtship readiness, some cues in behaviours such as increasing muscle tone, decreasing slouch, are from the ANS, and others are from the CNS

a. true
b. false- ANS only
c. false- CNS only

A

true

132
Q

preening (2/4 stages of quasi-courtship behaviour)

A

stroking hair, rubbing chin area (males), rearranging makeup/glancing into mirror (females), stretching clothes to hide body sag, adjusting suit coat, adjusting tie knots

133
Q 
what are the two sex-specific behaviours in preening? ID and label them to the correct sex
stroke hair
rub chin/beard area
rearrange makeup, glance into mirror
stretching clothes to hide body sag
adjusting suit coats 
readjusting knots in ties
A

rub chin/beard area- male

rearrange makeup, glance into mirror- female

134
Q

postural cues (3/4 stages of quasi-courtship behaviour)

A

using shoulders and legs to position other people out of the invitation, and turning too towards individual of interest (pointing torso and legs at them)

135
Q

during the postural cues stage of quasi-courtship behaviour, a good indicator that the interest is mutual is that…

a. the other person strokes their hair
b. the other person smiles at you
c. the other person improves their posture
d. the other person faces their torso and legs towards you

A

d. the other person faces their torso and legs towards you

136
Q

appeals to invitation (4/4 stages of quasi-courtship behaviour)

A

flirtatious glances
holding eye gaze
hold eye gaze, look away slightly, hold gaze again
females- cross legs to expose thighs
females- likely to exhibit wrist or palm area (sign of vulnerability)

137
Q

if there is mutual attraction, during the appeals to invitation stage, females are likely to…(2)

a. cross legs to expose thighs
b. fix their hair
c. exhibit wrist or palm area (sign of vulnerability)
d. turn their torso and legs towards person of interest

A

a. cross legs to expose thighs, c. exhibit wrist or palm area (sign of vulnerability)

138
Q

____ is the primary element that forms bedrock of quasi courtship behaviour

a. status
b. attraction
c. height
d. dominance

A

b. attraction

139
Q

3 functional roles of quasi-courting

a. Demonstrates a positive attitude
b. Increased attentiveness
c. Increased readiness to relate to the other person or group
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

140
Q

t/f- by engaging in quasi courting, we make others feel attractive and needed, and we make ourselves feel needed too

A

true

141
Q

adult facial structures that resemble those of children (big eyes, high eyebrows, small chin) are all associated with the following perceptions, EXCEPT:

a. being warm
b. being submissive
c. being less strong
d. being more naive
e. being less threatening
f. being more honest
g. they are associated with all of these

A

g. they are associated with all of these

142
Q

females are rated as more attractive if they have…

a. heightened eyebrows
b. wide smiles
c. both
d. neither

A

c. both

143
Q

t/f- as we get to know someone, we tend to draw a lot of conclusions based on stereotypes (ie., associations of warmth with things like big eyes and high eyebrows)

A

true

144
Q

t/f- we all lie, most days of our lives (often numerous times)

A

true

145
Q

When prepared to lie, individuals tend to exhibit:

a. Shorter response latencies
b. Less leg/foot movement
c. Less hand movement
d. Fewer illustrators
e. Less affirmative head nodding
f. Less eye contact
g. all of these

A

g. all of these

146
Q

BONUS: Ted takes some time to think about how he will deceive the American people, and establishes a plan of deception. When he speaks, he will be engaging in a…

a. natural lie
b. prepared lie
c. spontaneous lie
d. deceptive lie

A

b. prepared lie

147
Q

someone engaged in a prepared lie is likely to talk ____

a. faster
b. slower

A

a. faster- shorter response latency

148
Q

highly apprehensive deceivers have high levels of … when telling a lie

a. sweat
b. hand movements
c. head nodding
d. vocal stress

A

d. vocal stress

149
Q

t/f- there are significant differences in NVC between spontaneous and prepared lies

A

true

150
Q

differentiate between spontaneous and prepared lies

A
151
Q

adaptors

A

fidgeting behaviours

152
Q

when asked a question, Ryan immediately answers (with a lie). He is likely telling a ____ lie (choose between prepared and spontaneous)

A

prepared- faster response since he knows what he’s going to say

153
Q

prepared liars engage in ____ movement compared to spontaneous liars
pick: less, more, equal

A

less

154
Q

why might spontaneous liars engage in more movement and more adaptors than prepared?

A

anxiety of having to come up with lies on the spot

155
Q

2 good methods of detecting if someone is lying

A
  1. turning a prepared liar into a spontaneous one

2. asking someone to tell their lie backwards (almost impossible to do in terms of working memory resources)

156
Q

Deception is better detected when:

a. Probing questions are asked
b. When the individual lying is a friend or intimate rather than stranger
c. When there is more than one interview
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

157
Q

why are probing questions a good method of detecting deception?

A

they turn a prepared liar into a spontaneous one

158
Q

why is using more than one interview a good method of detecting deception?

A

over time (ie., asking them about it on different days), more likely to exhibit inconsistencies in their story

159
Q

a lot of research suggests looking at ___ cues as important predictors of deception

a. vocalic
b. gaze
c. gestural
d. postural

A

a. vocalic

160
Q

which of the following are suggested to be important predictors of deception?

a. speech rate
b. speech errors
c. pitch variation
d. response latencies
e. pauses in speech
f. all of these

A

f. all of these (vocalic cues)

161
Q

fabricated (vs genuine) remorse is associated with a ____ range of emotional expression and theatrics
pick: lesser, greater

A

greater

162
Q

Sara is expressing remorse. She shows sadness, a negative emotion, followed by other emotions.
Rebecca is also expressing remorse. She shows sadness, followed by a neutral emotion, then another emotional display.
Which of the two is likely exhibiting sincere, vs fabricated, remorse?

A

Sara- fabricated (negative emotion followed by other emotions)
Rebecca- sinecere (negative emotion, followed by neutral, then another emotional display)

163
Q

people displaying falsified remorse tended to exhibit ____ speech hesitations (more vs less)

A

more

164
Q

one area of developing robots that can price and perceive emotional expressions is…

a. developing companions for the elderly to ensure a degree of social interaction and to enhance cognition
b. plotting to take over the world
c. studying children with ASD
d. all of these

A

a. developing companions for the elderly to ensure a degree of social interaction and to enhance cognition

165
Q

Eckman & Friesen (Eckman, Frieson- Cmnd+F purposes), developed the Meaning Centred Approach, which was most focused on…

A

meanings associated with bodily functions

166
Q

Eckman & Friesen argued that body movement can be analyzed in terms of 5 different categories of behaviours in their Meaning Centred Approach: (just list)

A

1) Speech illustrators
2) Emblems
3) Regulators
4) Adaptors
5) Affect displays

167
Q

part of the functional significance of gestures is that they can reduce ____ load when someone is thinking about what to say, or actively speaking

A

cognitive

168
Q

t/f- gestures likely co-evolved with adaptations that occurred in our physical anatomy, as well as cognitive and linguistic capabilities- would likely have allowed for a faster, more efficient communication system that went beyond words and verbal language

A

true

169
Q

which of the following are evidence that gestures lighten our cognitive load when talking or thinking?

a. when people given memory task and asked to simultaneously do a math problem, they remember more items if allowed to gesture while explaining math
b. being allowed to point when counting items makes people more accurate and faster
c. both of these
d. neither of these

A

c. both of these

170
Q

gesturing gives insight on mental states and representations. When children are learning to solve math problems, explain the gestural and verbal code seen as they progress from incorrect to correct solutions (3 stages: incorrect strategy, mismatch, match)

A

incorrect strategy- displayed in both verbal and NV code
mismatch- correct strategy, often shown in NV code and incorrect strategy, often shown in verbal
match- gestures and speech both convey correct info

171
Q

speech illustrators (one of 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen)

A

co-occur with speech, play significant role in lightening cognitive load when thinking or problem solving. Associated with verbal behaviour on moment to moment basis, and are directly tied to speech content, verbal meaning, and voice volume

172
Q

batons (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

movements that emphasize a word/phrase, like a chronometer (eg., moving hands up/down rhythmically to emphasize parts of speech)

173
Q

ideographs (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

movements that draw a thought or sketch a path (eg., talking to someone and tracing the route you took to get from location A to B in the air with your finger)

174
Q

deictic movements (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

pointing gestures, referring to something in actual physical environment OR something that is imagined. Can be produced with finger, hand, lips

175
Q

spatial movements (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

illustrate spatial relationships (eg., showing distance between 2 places with fingers). Gesture often done in a static manner with minimal movement in hands, since trying to show the distances between the 2 components

176
Q

kinetographs (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

gestures that depict bodily action (eg., making motions of a runner by moving hands and punching the air back and forth)

177
Q

pictographs (one of 6 categories of speech illustrators)

A

drawing a picture of your referent (eg., illustrating size of a ball that you were throwing- could bring hands close together for small ball or bring them apart for large)

178
Q

speech illustrators typically occur with minimal…

a. conscious awareness
b. intention
c. both
d. neither

A

c. both

179
Q

which of the following statements are true of Speech illustrators:

  1. Are associated with verbal behavior on a moment-to-moment basis
  2. Are directly tied to speech content, verbal meaning, and voice volume
A

both

180
Q

t/f- when you see fluctuations in someone’s gesture amplitude (eg., excitedly gesturing up and down about running, these will likely be accompanied by alterations in their voice (eg., getting louder in conjunction with more gesturing)

A

true

181
Q

once you start … illustrators, you alter their production

a. thinking about
b. repeating

A

a. thinking about

182
Q 
which 2 speech illustrators have NO MEANING without accompanying words?
Batons
Ideographs
Deictic movements
Spatial movements
Kinetographs
Pictographs
A

Batons

Ideographs

183
Q

Cultural differences have been noted in:

a. Overall frequency (of gestures)
b. Expansiveness (of gestures)
c. Duration of illustrator usage
d. Forms of illustrators
e. All of these

A

e. All of these

184
Q

many Latin and Middle Eastern cultures encourage the use of … illustrated gestures when speaking

a. large
b. small
c. no

A

a. large (these cultures are highly expressive in their gesticulation)

185
Q

in which country are people expected to speak with their hands and produce a high frequency of illustrated gestures?

A

Italy

186
Q

large gestures are considered impolite in ____ culture

a. Middle Eastern
b. Italian
c. Latin
d. British

A

d. British

187
Q

large gestures are seen as impolite and aggressive in

a. West Asian cultures
b. East Asian cultures

A

b. East Asian cultures

188
Q

one cultural difference in form of illustrators occurs in counting- ____ use the thumb for “1”, while ____ use the index finger

a. Canadians/Americans, Germans
b. Germans, Canadians/Americans
c. Indians, New Zealanders
d. New Zealanders, Indians

A

b. Germans, Canadians/Americans

189
Q

in ____, people point with the middle finger, and in Western countries people point with the ___ finger

a. Japan, index
b. Japan, thumb
c. Russia, index
d. Russia, thumb

A

a. Japan, index

190
Q

emblematic gestures (emblems) (one of 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen)

A

gestures that can stand on their own in the absence of speech and are culturally specific (nationally and organizationally)

191
Q

the thumbs up and okay signs, as well as the middle finger are examples of which of the 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen?

1) Speech illustrators
2) Emblems
3) Regulators
4) Adaptors
5) Affect displays

A

2) Emblems (can stand on their own without speech)

192
Q

many cultural emblems are devoted to …

a. greetings
b. indications of status
c. insults and obscenities
d. courting

A

c. insults and obscenities

193
Q

twirling the middle finger near the ear indicates _____

A

craziness

194
Q

t/f- emblems are true body language with clear verbal meanings

A

true

195
Q

which of the following are useful for communicating across distances, or don’t want to use overt speech (ie., being secretive)?

1) Speech illustrators
2) Emblems
3) Regulators
4) Adaptors
5) Affect displays

A

2) Emblems

196
Q

t/f- militaries often develop emblems to communicate in both open situations (eg., salute) and situations requiring stealth (eg., stop, look, stay)

A

true

197
Q

while the origins of many emblematic gestures are unknown, they typically originate at some point in history when…

A

a culture wanted to pictorially represent something important (with the hands), and this was then reinforced in group members and transmitted across generations

198
Q

cross-cultural transmission is a major characteristic of the definition of a culture. How does x-cultural transmission relate to the origin and spread of emblematic gestures?

A

they are transmitted within the cultural transmission

199
Q

the middle finger stems from ~2000 years ago in Rome, where it represented…

A

a penis, with curled fingers on either side representing testicles

200
Q

explain the history of the reversed (upside down) peace sign

A

English longbowmen were good at killing the French with longbows, a technique requiring use of the middle and index fingers. When French captured Englishmen, they would cut off their index and middle fingers to render them useless as archers. As psych warfare, English longbowmen would raise their 2 fingers at the French before battle to show that they still had them and were a threat

201
Q

the “V for victory” was employed by Churchill and those in support of the … movement in the 1960s to represent peace

A

anti-war

202
Q

Despite the cultural specificity of emblems, there is some degree of universality in:

a. Content themes
b. Functions
c. Reasons for why cultures have such a rich vocabulary of emblems
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

203
Q

3 elements of life that are universal, in terms of socialization (emblematic gestures):

A
  1. rituals concerning greetings/salutations
  2. references to locomotion or mental states
  3. insults
204
Q

some emblematic gestures arose from gesturing particular symbols. An example of this is crossing fingers for luck- explain where this originated

A

originally a secretive sign of the cross to signal that you were Christian, then became sign of the cross to ward off satan, then became interpreted as good luck

205
Q

some emblematic gestures arose from trace representations of specific behaviours. An example of this is the Greek gesture “Muzza?”, an ancient insult emblem involving taking the hand, moving it forward with the palm forward, and spreading fingers apart as you move hand forward. Explain where this insult gesture came from

A

ancient Greece where people threw garbage and urine on prisoners as they were transported down streets

206
Q

hybrid emblematic gestures

A

gestures originally associated with one language and then used by another language (often used by immigrants and multi/bilinguals)

207
Q

BONUS: Morris’ flat hand chop across neck with the flat hand (originated in Tunisia), combined with the “A-ok” ring gesture produces a _____ gesture

A

hybrid

208
Q

immigrants use gestures from their ____ culture when speaking in their SECOND language

a. original
b. new

A

a. original

209
Q

cross-linguistic transfer of gestures tends to occur from a ____ frequency gesture culture to a ____ frequency gesture culture

a. high, low
b. low, high

A

a. high, low

210
Q

t/f- even though emblematic gestures tend to be culturally specific, many are gradually becoming universally recognized

A

true (eg., “come, go, goodbye, etc” gestures)

211
Q

the universal recognition of many gestures that were preciously culturally specific can be attributed to…

a. globalization
b. outsourcing
c. mass media
d. all of the above
e. a and c

A

d. all of the above

212
Q

t/f- there is a future trend towards a universal, panacultural set of emblematic gestures

A

true

213
Q

regulators (one of 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen)

A

help us regulate when we talk and when we let others speak

214
Q

regulators encompass an individual’s desire to do one of 3 things during a verbal interaction:

A
  1. enter
  2. exit
  3. maintain the floor
215
Q

Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach (1/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

seeing someone, orienting torso towards them, and walking towards them

216
Q

distant salutation (2/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

establishes that greeting sequence has been initiated, often includes wave, smile, call if close enough. 2 head movements typically noted:

  1. head toss- rapid back/forth tilting movement (chin up then down)
  2. lowering head, holding down for a moment, then raising back up
217
Q

2 head movements typically noted during the distant salutation stage of general interaction:

A
  1. head toss- rapid back/forth tilting movement (chin up then down)
  2. lowering heat, holding down for a moment, then raising back up
218
Q

head dip (3/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

putting head down a little, and then back up- important marker of TRANSITIONS between activities

219
Q

which of the stages of general interaction that use the regulation function is especially important as a marker of TRANSITIONS between activities (or shifts in terms of someone’s psychological orientation)?

1) Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach
2) The distant salutation
3) The head dip
4) Approach
5) Final approach
6) Close salutation

A

3) The head dip

220
Q

approach (4/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

as you move towards each other, approach behaviours occur- aversion of gaze just prior to entering face to face engagement, grooming behaviours, and moving one or both arms towards front of body

221
Q

the following behaviours are likely to occur in which stage of general interaction involving the regulation function: aversion of gaze just prior to entering face to face engagement, grooming behaviours, and moving one or both arms towards front of body

1) Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach
2) The distant salutation
3) The head dip
4) Approach
5) Final approach
6) Close salutation

A

4) Approach

222
Q

final approach (5/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

occurs when less than 10ft apart, individuals engage in mutual gazing, smiling, similarity in terms of head positioning

223
Q

the following behaviours are likely to occur in which stage of general interaction involving the regulation function: occurring when less than 10ft apart, individuals engage in mutual gazing, smiling, similarity in terms of heat positioning

1) Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach
2) The distant salutation
3) The head dip
4) Approach
5) Final approach
6) Close salutation

A

5) Final approach

224
Q

close salutation (6/6 stages of general interaction that use the regulation function (ie., regulators), according to Kendon & Ferber)

A

culturally specific component- can include saying hi, how are you, handshakes, embraces, kisses, etc

225
Q

which of the following stages are culturally specific?

1) Sighting, orientation, and initiation of the approach
2) The distant salutation
3) The head dip
4) Approach
5) Final approach
6) Close salutation

A

6) Close salutation

226
Q

turn-taking (type of regulator)

A

decisions involving who talks and when they talk when people are in a convo

227
Q

turn-taking is largely determined via …, but there are some … that are involved too

a. kinesic behaviours, vocalics
b. vocalics, kinesic behaviours

A

b. vocalics, kinesic behaviours

228
Q

people’s voice gets softer in a conversation when they want the other person to…

a. listen carefully
b. acknowledge their melancholic mood
c. take over the conversation
d. quiet down

A

c. take over the conversation

229
Q

t/f- kinesic behaviours that control communication flow (turn taking) differ cross-culturally

A

true

230
Q

in … there is a turn taking sequence of “me, you, me, you, etc”, but this can vary in other cultures

a. Switzerland
b. North America
c. Australia
d. Asia

A

b. North America

231
Q

how do we use gaze direction in turn-taking signalling?

A

looking to one side, then looking to the other person when we are ready for them to take the floor

232
Q

how do we use head nods in turn-taking signalling?

A

we use these to encourage the other person to keep talking and indicate that we are engaged

233
Q

how do we use forward leans in turn-taking signalling?

A

can use these to indicate that we are interested in what the other person is saying, or lean in when we are about to speak

234
Q

how do we use gesturing in turn-taking signalling?

A

may raise hand/finger when we want to enter the floor

235
Q

how do we use facing behaviour in turn-taking signalling?

A

turning towards other person or turning away to indicate degree of interest in convo

236
Q

Nonverbal methods of turn-taking signaling include:
Gaze direction
Head nods
Forward leans
Gesturing
Facing behavior
These kinesic behaviours have 4 overall functions:

A
  1. other person may indicate desire to continue with the convo if you are speaking (they want to talk)
  2. other person may indicate desire to turn the convo over to you if you are listening
  3. you may indicate that you want the other person to keep speaking
  4. you may indicate that you want to take over the convo
237
Q

Jack is speaking in a group setting, and he continues to speak and raises the volume of his voice. Why might be be doing this?

A

thinks someone is going to try to take floor from him, but he wants to keep talking

238
Q

Montana raises her index finger in a conversation. What is her likely goal?

A

she wants to talk

239
Q

back channelling cues, such as nods, can be used to make the speaker feel like they’re being listened to, and confirming your interest, and can also set the pace at which the speaker talks through head nods, “mhms” and smiles. Fast nods will likely make the speaker … (speed up vs slow down) and slow nods will do the opposite

A

fast- speed up

slow- slow down

240
Q

t/f- back channelling is often done subconsciously

A

true

241
Q

how do synchronicity/lack of flow in turn taking contribute to awkward conversations?

A

one person may hold floor too long/not enough, lack of synchronicity in gaze, smiles, etc- increases tension in interaction, leading to discomfort and awkwardness

242
Q

a conversation with good mutual turn taking, flow, reciprocal gaze and smiles can be described as high in _____

a. magnitude
b. discomfort
c. synchronicity
d. respect

A

c. synchronicity

243
Q

adaptors (one of 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen)

A

gestures learned throughout childhood, as well as nervous habits (eg., playing with hair, scratching body, or picking nose)

244
Q

adaptors serve to satisfy one of these 3 bodily functions:

A
  1. reduce stress
  2. adjust body
  3. satisfy emotional need (of reducing overall anxiety)
245
Q

affect displays (one of 5 categories of gestures classified by Eckman & Friesen)

A

include the 7 universal emotions

1) fear
2) anger
3) surprise
4) disgust
5) contempt
6) sadness
7) happiness

246
Q

BONUS: of the 7 universal emotions, which one’s presence in the universal emotion list is most hotly debated?

A

contempt

247
Q

as the body tenses, the degree of emotion felt is ____ (choose: higher or lower)

A

higher

248
Q

t/f- body tension can be an indicator of the degree to which an emotion is being felt/exhibited in the body

A

true

249
Q

facial affect scoring technique (FAST) [technique for measuring/quantifying affect displays] is designed for categorizing specific emotion based on these 3 regions of the face:

A

region 1- eyebrows and forehead
region 2- eyelids to bridge of nose
region 3- nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw

250
Q

facial meaning sensitivity test (FMST) [technique for measuring/quantifying affect displays] is designed to…

a. be a standalone test
b. ascertain the meaning of a facial expression within a categorization that is found using FAST
c. pick up on emotional expressions to subtle to be measured by FAST

A

b. ascertain the meaning of a facial expression within a categorization that is found using FAST

251
Q

best areas on face to ID fear (2; related)

A

eyes (wide open) and eyelids (upper raised, lower tensed and drawn up)

252
Q

Claire has her upper eyelids raised, and lower eyelids tensed and drawn up. She is likely displaying which universal emotion (affect display)?

A

fear

253
Q

triggers of fear can be

a. psychological
b. physical
c. both

A

c. both

254
Q

t/f- fear may occur simultaneously with other emotions, depending upon the trigger of that fear

A

true

255
Q

a study found which biological purposes/adaptations of eye widening in fear?

a. eye widening can enhance target discrimination in visual periphery by 9.4%
b. eye widening enhances an observers’ discrimination of the expresser’s gaze direction (good in groups where if someone is expressing fear, you can quickly tell what’s causing the fear)
c. both of these
d. neither of these- eye widening has no biological adaptation in fear

A

c. both of these (eve widening orients us towards the fear inducing stimulus and is beneficial for both expresser and other group members)

256
Q

researchers make the argument that co-evolution of sensory and social regulatory functions of emotional expressions is observed in the fact that eye widening is functional, both for the expresser and observer- explain

A

beneficial for expresser- sensory/bio evolution- widening helps with target discrimination in visual periphery
beneficial for observer- social- beneficial for observers

257
Q

anger is expressed primarily through all of the following EXCEPT

a. nose
b. cheeks
c. mouth
d. brows
e. forehead
f. it is expressed through all of these

A

a. nose

258
Q 
describe what each of the following do in expressions of anger
Cheeks
Mouth
Brows
Forehead
A

Cheeks- show high degree of tension
Mouth- show high degree of tension
Brows- come together and are lowered
Forehead- becomes flattened since brows coming in and down

259
Q

t/f- unless anger is exhibited in all 4 facial locations (Cheeks, Mouth, Brows, Forehead), it is ambiguous

A

true

260
Q

anger is usually triggered by any of the following EXCEPT:

a. frustration
b. physical threat
c. psychological hurt
d. violation of moral values
e. it is triggered by all of the above

A

e. it is triggered by all of the above

261
Q

which of the following is NOT an accompanying sign of anger?

a. increase in BP
b. change in breathing
c. sympathetic activation
d. rising tension in body
e. increased blood flow to arms
f. decreased blood flow to legs
g. all of the above are accompanying signs

A

f. decreased blood flow to legs

262
Q

BONUS: t/f- both anger and fear tend to trigger behavioural changes in face, voice, and whole body

A

true

263
Q

anger tends to be expressed with the aim of…

a. causing pain
b. increasing control of situation
c. altering someone else’s behaviour
d. increasing perception of oneself as a threat

A

c. altering someone else’s behaviour

264
Q

while both fear and anger serve to warn observers about threats in the environment, researchers have argued that anger is a more INTERACTIVE signal than fear. What is meant by this?

A

it requires the observer to adapt their behaviour in order to accommodate the anger being shown by someone else

265
Q

explain the neural evidence that anger is a more interactive signal than fear, in terms of a neural activation study and the areas activated in response to fear vs anger

A
  • both fear and anger elicited comparable activity in amygdala, temporal cortices, dorsomedial PFC
  • BUT anger perception also triggered activity in other regions (eg., anterior temporal lobe, premotor cortex, ventromedial PFC)
  • suggests that coping with threat from exposure to anger requires greater degree of processing and behavioural adjustments
266
Q

which of the 7 universal emotions has the shortest duration?

A

surprise

267
Q

surprise is most visibly displayed in the … and … regions

a. nose
b. forehead
c. eyes
d. mouth

A

c. eyes

d. mouth

268
Q

t/f- when it’s not experienced as an isolated emotion, surprise tends to be followed by another emotion

A

true

269
Q

surprise is usually followed by another emotion, which gives either a positive or negative tone to the experience. Which universal 7 emotion most commonly follows surprise?

A

fear

270
Q

you’re talking to your friend, and they tell you they’re dating some asshat you don’t like. Which of the universal 7 emotions are you likely to express in order to give yourself a second to think and pretend to be happy for them? Explain

A

surprise- easiest to use in deception (easy to widen eyes and open mouth)- can fake this and then put on a smile instead of displaying disgust

271
Q

this universal 7 emotion is characterized by a raised upper lip and crinkling of the nose

A

disgust

272
Q

disgust is a reaction to…

a. get rid of or away from something
b. express dissatisfaction with someone or something
c. warn others in the environment
d. b and c

A

a. get rid of or away from something

273
Q

“feeling of repulsion, a reaction to something or someone” is a description of which universal 7 emotion?

A

disgust

274
Q

contempt

A

feeling that someone is deserving of scorn, and is morally below you

275
Q

contempt is typically quite subtle, and is displayed by…

a. heightened eyebrow on one side of face
b. squinted eyes
c. raised side of lip
c. lowered side of lip

A

c. raised side of lip

276
Q

contempt is displayed in relation to…

a. people
b. actions of people
c. stimuli we disapprove of
d. all of the above
e. a and b only

A

e. a and b only

277
Q

which of the universal 7 emotions is not found among primates (exclusive to people)?

A

contempt

278
Q

an individual has the inner corners of eyebrows drawn up, skin below the eyebrow triangulated with the inner corner, and corner of lips are down, or their lip is trembling. They are likely expressing which universal emotion?

A

sadness

279
Q

we tend to mimic facial expressions we see to a degree, depending on how empathetic we are feeling, and other contextual components. This has to do with the ____ neuron system in the brain

A

mirror

280
Q

the following are associated with which universal emotion?
Corners of lips are drawn back and up
Mouth may be parted and teeth may be exposed (not always though)
Naso-labial fold runs down from nose to the outer edge beyond lip corners
Cheeks are raised
Lower eyelid reveals wrinkles below it
Crows-feet wrinkles go out from the outer corners of eyes

A

happiness

281
Q

males or females (choose) are more likely to expose teeth during happiness

A

females

282
Q

BONUS- this universal emotion often features a pronounced nasio-labial fold

A

happiness

283
Q

BONUS: t/f- the facial features of happiness are displayed across the lifespan, even among babies

A

true

284
Q

men or women (choose) smile more often

A

women

285
Q

men or women (choose) smile more when lying than when telling truth

A

men

286
Q

t/f- females don’t tend to vary facial expressions in terms of smiling regardless if telling truth or lying

A

true

287
Q

contagion hypothesis of smiling

A

when you smile, others are more likely to smile back at you (is evidence to support this)

288
Q

BONUS4: smiling often increases others’ perception of liking, and others tend to like you more if they see you smiling

A

true

289
Q

why might fearful body positions (as opposed to facial expressions) of others around us be a little more useful in terms of guiding our own behaviour?

A

body positions can both signal threat and specify action undertaken by the threatened individual (gives us an indication of what the fear is and what the person is doing about it). Can also be faster to glance quickly at body than to decode face

290
Q

emotional body language (EBL) [de Gelder definition summary]

A

emotion expressed in the whole body (involving movements and often meaningful action)

291
Q

embodied cognition theorists believe that all cognition is based on ____

A

action

292
Q

the purpose of the CNS is to organize ____

a. thoughts
b. stimuli
c. action
d. planning

A

c. action

293
Q

what does Darwin argue in his book “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”?

A

emotions are adaptive- prompt an action that is beneficial to the organism under the circumstances evoking that emotion

294
Q

the link between emotions and actions (with emotions leading to functional actions) is fundamental to _____ theorists

a. behavioural
b. embodied
c. cognitive
d. interpersonal

A

b. embodied

295
Q

this brain structure plays an important role in deciphering signal relevance (eg., EBL) and in modulating structures responsible for behavioural responses, as well as assigning relevance to a stimulus. It consists of 12 sub-nuclei, and is connected bilaterally to various areas of the basal ganglia and other cortical structures- these connections to other brain areas are relevant in modulating these structures to control behaviour

A

amygdala

296
Q

2 important circuits influenced by amygdala:

A

1) Basis of automatic reflex-like emotional behavior

2) Maintenance of recognition of EBL and guidance of action via deliberative thought

297
Q

the amygdala influences 2 circuits:
1) Basis of automatic reflex-like emotional behavior
2) Maintenance of recognition of EBL and guidance of action via deliberative thought
label which of these is a network of CORTICAL vs SUBCORTICAL structures, and whether they are found in other mammals in addition to humans

A

reflex- SUBCORTICAL- found in most other mammals

deliberative- CORTICAL- allow for recognition of EBL, deliberate thought, organization of body action

298
Q

the amygdala initiates a series of adaptive behaviours to fear through connections to the ____ cortex- fill in the blank, and explain

A

motor
wen facing a threat, we reflexively respond (reflex network)- might step back (motor cortex), but then we have a second to think about our actions (deliberative network) where we can plan a more cognitive, deliberate response

299
Q

fearful body language activates the…(2)

a. orbitofrontal cortex
b. right amygdala
c. middle fusiform gyrus
d. parietal lobe

A

b. right amygdala

c. middle fusiform gyrus

300
Q

the middle fusiform gyrus is activated in response to fearful body language. What is this part of the brain responsible for? (3)

A

facial recognition, facial expression recognition, emotional recognition

301
Q

t/f- the brain is sensitive, within 100ms, to any incongruence between emotions of face and body (eg., angry face, fearful body posture)

A

true

302
Q

when viewing congruence (fearful face + fearful body posture) vs incongruence (angry face + fearful body posture) in facial expression vs body language, comment on (1) the length of time it takes, and (2) the degree of accuracy in terms of understanding the portrayed emotion when processing congruence vs incongruence. Additionally, describe the ERP data, in terms of dips, for the length of time taken to process.

A

congruent condition- processed faster (less extreme ERP dips) and emotional decoding more accurate
incongruent- processed slower (longer, more extreme ERP dips) and emotional decoding less accurate

303
Q

how is emotional body language (EBL) “contagious”?

A

we tend to mimic others’ EBL (eg., someone yawns, you yawn)

304
Q

fMRI of participants passively viewing images of whole bodies shows activity in a complex cluster of areas known for …

a. processing emotions
b. biological movement
c. goal directed action
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

305
Q

emotional body language is contagious- this is grounded in the ____ of emotion

a. perception
b. experience
c. sensation
d. analysis

A

a. perception

306
Q

humans are able to recognize/assign emotions and volitions to basic geometric shapes. However, individuals with damage to this brain area lose this ability, and can only report movement of geometric shapes, without assigning meaning

A

amygdala

307
Q

during the perception of biological movements, the ____ cortex is activated, priming us to be ready for movement, if needed

a. prefrontal
b. premotor
c. occipital

A

b. premotor

308
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that encode complex actions and movement patterns, and become activated when we observe someone engaging in a specific movement/task

309
Q

_____ neurons may be the neurobiological basis for human social and emotional abilities, and our capacity to mirror the actions of others may be an underlying cause for our compassion and how we relate to other people in a collective way

A

mirror

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

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