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microbiology [lecture] > Lecture #3: Microbial Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lecture #3: Microbial Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with the size, shape, and arrangement of a living organism

A

MORPHOLOGY

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2
Q

Spherical and ovoid

Bacterial Shape

A

COCCI/COCCUS

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3
Q

Cylindrical (long and oblong)

Bacterial Shape

A

BACILLUS

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4
Q

Curve or loose spiral (curl, irregular shape)

Bacterial Shape

A

SPIRAL

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5
Q

Transitioning and mixture of coccus and bacillus

Bacterial Shape

A

COCCOBACILLUS

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6
Q

Singular bacterial arrangement

A

SINGLY

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7
Q

In chain bacterial arrangement

A

STREPTO-

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8
Q

In cluster bacterial arrangement

A

STAPHYLO-

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9
Q

In pairs bacterial arrangement

A

DIPLO-

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10
Q

Three dimensional cubes (group of eight) bacterial arrangement

A

SARCINAE

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11
Q

In four bacterial arrangement

A

TETRAD

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12
Q

Tightly coiled

(Unusual shape)

A

SPIROCHETES

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13
Q

No definite shape and/or arrangements

A

PLEMORPHIC

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14
Q

Genetically useful, transporting and inserting the genes from the donor organism to the receiver organism

A

PLASMID

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15
Q

Gatekeeper for the entrance and exit of dissolved substances

A

CELL MEMBRANE

Cytoplasmic membrane

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16
Q

Three major functions of cell membrane

A
  1. Selective Permeability (molecules like potassium and calcium)
  2. Anchorage
  3. Energy conservation and consumptions
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17
Q
  • Phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins.
  • Composed of:
    Hydrophobic tails – fatty acids (inward)
    Hydrophilic head – glycerol molecule containing phosphate (outward)
A

BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE

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18
Q
  • Alternative in cholesterol
  • Strengthened by sterol-like molecules present in bacteria
  • Sterols strengthen the membranes of eukaryotic cells where there is an absence of a cell wall
A

HOPANOIDS

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19
Q

Layer outside the cytoplasmic membrane

A

CELL WALL

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20
Q

Four major functions of the cell wall

A
  1. Gives shape and rigidity of cell (determines shape of cell)
  2. Confers structural strength on the cell to keep it from bursting due to osmotic pressure
  3. Contributes to pathogenicity. (becomes more pathogenic and doesn’t die easily)
  4. Site of action of several antibiotics
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21
Q
  • Weakens the peptidoglycan and causes cell lysis
  • Act as a major line of defense against bacterial infection which are present in human secretions including tears, saliva, and other bodily fluids.
A

LYSOZYME

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22
Q

Main component of cell wall and also determines the type of bacteria

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

  • 90% of cell wall in a Gram positive bacteria consist of peptidoglycan
  • Not present in archaea and eukarya
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23
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of alternating repeats of what structure?

A

Modified Glucose Residues:
* N-acetylglucosamine (forms bonds)
* N-acetylmuramic acid

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24
Q

Embedded in the cell wall and function to bind divalent metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, prior to their transport into the cell

A

TECHOIC ACID

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25
Q

Covalently bonded to membrane lipids rather than to peptidoglycan

A

LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

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26
Q

Small amount of peptidoglycan in cell wall of Gram negative

A

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS)

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27
Q

Two components of Lipopolysaccharide

A
  • Core polysaccharide
  • O-specific polysaccharide
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28
Q

The space located between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the outer membrane

A

PERIPLASM

Spans about 15 nanometers

29
Q

Channels for the entrance and exit of solutes

A

PORINS

Two types:
* Nonspecific porins
* Specific porins

30
Q
  • Most common type of cell wall in Archaea
  • Consist of interlocking molecules of protein or glycoprotein
  • Retain periplasmic proteins and prevent their drifting away in gram-negative Bacteria.
A

S LAYER

31
Q

Functions of Cell Surface

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Virulence Factors
  3. Preventing dehydration
32
Q
  • Organized in a tight matrix that excludes small particles and is tightly attached
  • Readily visible by light microscopy

Cell Surface Structure

A

GLYCOCALYX CAPSULE

33
Q
  • More easily deformed and loosely attached
  • It will not exclude particles
  • More difficult to see microscopically

Cell Surface Structure

A

GLYCOCALYX SLIME LAYER

Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

34
Q
  • Thin filamentous structures made of protein that extend from the surface of a cell (2-10 nm in diameter)
  • Enable cells to stick to surfaces (attachment)
  • Form pellicles or biofilms on solid surfaces.

Cell Surface Structure

A

FIMBRIAE

ADHESION

35
Q

Specialized fimbriae that are typically longer

Cell Surface Structure

A

PILI

CONJUGATION
All Gram negatives produce pili while many Gram positives contain pili

36
Q

Has a unique attachment structure resembling a tiny grappling hook.

Cell Surface Structure

A

HAMUS or HAMI

ATTACHMENT

37
Q

Functions of Hamus

A
  1. Affix cells to a surface to form a networked biofilm
  2. Prevent cells from being washed away in groundwater flood
38
Q
  • Primitive form of vacuoles
  • Conical-shaped structures made of protein
  • Provides buoyancy and overall density
A

GAS VESICLES

39
Q

Forms the watertight vesicle shell and is a small, hydrophobic, and very rigid protein

Protein in Gas Vesicle

A

GvpA (major protein)

40
Q

Strengthens the shell of the gas vesicles by cross-linking

Protein in Gas Vesicle

A

GvpC (minor protein)

41
Q

Highly differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation

A

ENDOSPORES

42
Q

Endospores are visualized through special staining techniques such as

A

Schaeffer-Fulton spore staining

The stain malachite green is used and is infused into the spores with steam

43
Q

Outermost layer providing
outer covering

Part of Endospore

A

EXOSPORIUM

44
Q

Innermost layer where spore-specific protein is located

Part of Endospore

A

SPORE COAT

45
Q

Consists of loosely cross-linked
peptidoglycan

Part of Endospore

A

CORTEX

46
Q

Contains the core wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cellular essentials

Part of Endospore

A

CORE

47
Q

Found in endospores but not in vegetative cell

Plays a role in heat resistance

A

DIPICOLINIC ACID

48
Q

Occurs when endospores are heated for several minutes at an elevated but sub-lethal temperature

Step in vegetative cell process

A

ACTIVATION

49
Q

Rapid process (occurring in a matter of minutes), is signaled by the loss of refractility of the endospore and loss of resistance to heat and chemicals

Step in vegetative cell process

A

GERMINATION

50
Q

Involves visible swelling due to water uptake and synthesis of RNA, proteins, and DNA

Step in vegetative cell process

A

OUTGROWTH

51
Q

Tiny rotating machines that pushes and pulls the cell through a liquid environment

A

Bacterial Flagella and Archaellum

52
Q

Long thin appendages free at one end and anchored into the cell at the other end

A

BACTERIAL FLAGELLA

53
Q

Main part, contains flagellin

Flagellar structure

A

FILAMENT

54
Q

Consists of a single type of protein and connects the filament to the flagellum motor in the base

Flagellar structure

A

HOOK

55
Q

The rotor and stator made up to build up this structure

Flagellar structure

A

BASAL BODY

56
Q

Two or more flagella around the bacteria

Flagellar Arrangement

A

PERITRICHOUS

57
Q

One or more flagella in each side

Flagellar Arrangement

A

AMPHITRICHOUS

58
Q

Two or more flagella concentrated in one side

Flagellar Arrangement

A

LOPHOTRICHOUS

59
Q

One flagellum

Flagellar Arrangement

A

MONOTRICHOUS

60
Q

No flagellum (non motile)

A

ATRICHOUS

61
Q

Type of prokaryotic cell movement powered by rotating flagella

A

SWIMMING MOTILITY

62
Q

Type of prokaryotic cell movement done by filamentous or rod shaped bacteria; requires cells be in contact with a solid surface

A

GLIDING MOTILITY

63
Q
  • Also called as axial filament
  • A special structure characteristic of spirochete bacteria used for gliding motility
A

ENDOFLAGELLUM

64
Q

Formed by invagination of the inner membrane, contain the enzymes needed for respiration and ATP production

Part of Mitochondria

A

CRISTAE

65
Q

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

Part of Mitochondria

A

MATRIX

66
Q

Flattened membrane discs. Forms a proton-motive force resulting in ATP synthesis

A

THYLAKOIDS

67
Q

Three composition of cytoskeleton

A
  • MICROTUBULES
  • MICROFILAMENTS
  • INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
68
Q

Protein attached to the microtubules and uses ATP to drive motility

A

DYNEIN

69
Q
  • Literally means “false feet”
  • Temporary arm-like projections of the cytoplasm used for motion or capturing food
  • Exhibited by members of Phylum Amoebozoa (amoeboid protists)
A

PSEUDOPODIA

microbiology [lecture] (4 decks)

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