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COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY > Lecture 3: Overview Of The Extremities > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Overview Of The Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

Supination at the wrist = ___________ at the ankle

A

Inversion

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2
Q

Pronation at the wrist = ___________ at the ankle

A

Eversion

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3
Q

Where are sutures bones found?

A

Skull

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4
Q

Where are flat bones found?

A

Skull

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5
Q

Where are irregular bones found?

A

Vertebrae

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6
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

Hands and feet

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7
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found?

A

Patella and foot

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8
Q

__________ is a rounded process that articulates with another bone

A

Condyle

  • Ex. Occipital condyle
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9
Q

___________ is a projection situated above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

  • Ex. Medial epicondyle of the humerus
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10
Q

__________ is a small smooth surface

A

Facet

  • Found in thoracic vertebra
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11
Q

__________ is a relatively deep pit or depression

A

Fossa

  • Ex. Olecranon fossa
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12
Q

________ is a tiny pit or depression

A

Fovea

  • Ex. Fovea capitis
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13
Q

___________ is a narrow line-like ridge

A

Linea

  • Ex. Linea aspera of femur
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14
Q

___________ is a prominent projection of a bone

A

Process

  • Ex. Mastoid process of temporal bone
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15
Q

__________ is a branch-like process

A

Ramus

  • Ex. Ramus of mandible
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16
Q

________ is a cavity within a bone

A

Sinus

  • Ex. Frontal sinus
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17
Q

________ is a sharp projection

A

Spine

  • Ex. Spine of scapula
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18
Q

__________ is a pen-like projection

A

Styloid

  • Ex. Styloid process of ulna
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19
Q

___________ is a relatively large process

A

Trochanter

  • Ex. Greater trochanter of femur
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20
Q

________ is a smooth knob-like process

A

Tubercle

  • Ex. Tubercle of rib
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21
Q

____________ is a large lumpy knob-like process

A

Tuberosity

  • Ex. Tibial tuberosity
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22
Q

_________ is a tube-like passageway within a bone

A

Meatus

  • Ex. External auditory meatus
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23
Q

What joint/articulation type is the most stable?

A

Suture of the skull

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24
Q

What type of joint is made of dense regular CT that unites the ends of bones and bone parts and has no cavity

A

Fibrous

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25
Q

What type of joint is a pad of cartilage that lies between the ends of bones and does not have a cavity?

A

Cartilaginous

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26
Q

What type of joint is characterized by ends of bones covered with articular cartilage, a joint cavity separating the articulating bones, and the cavity containing a specific type of fluid?

A

Synovial

  • Lined by a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid
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27
Q

__________ is a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane

A

Bursae

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28
Q

__________ are often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and act as packing material and provide some protection for the joint. Fill the spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape.

A

Fatpads

  • Fatpads are the absolute last thing to go during extreme starvation
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29
Q

___________ attach a muscle to a bone and help stabilize joints

A

Tendons

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30
Q

__________ connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

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31
Q

What type of lever has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the resistance?

A

First class

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32
Q

What type of lever has resistance between the fulcrum and the applied force?

A

Second class

33
Q

What type of lever has force applied between the resistance and the fulcrum and is the most common lever type in the body?

A

Third class

34
Q

Shaking your head yes, is an example of what type of lever?

A

First class

35
Q

Standing on your toes is an example of what type of lever?

A

Second class

36
Q

A bicep curl is an example of what type of lever?

A

Third class

37
Q

A syndesmosis joint classification is a type of what joint and is made up of what type of CT?

A

Fibrous; dense regular CT fibers between bones

38
Q

Articulation between the tibia and fibula is an example of what type of joint?

A

Syndesmosis fibrous joint

39
Q

The epiphyseal plate in growing bones is an example of what type of joint?

A

Synchondrosis cartilaginous joint

40
Q

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc articulations are examples of what joint type?

A

Symphysis cartilaginous

41
Q

Intertarsal joints are an example of what type of joints?

A

Uniaxial synovial

42
Q

A Coxal joint is an example of what type of joint?

A

Multiaxial synovial joint

43
Q

A hyaline cartilage plate between bones is characteristic of what type of joint?

A

Synchondrosis -> cartilaginous

44
Q

Fibrocartilage pad between bones is characteristic of what type of joint?

A

Symphysis -> cartilaginous

45
Q

What 3 things does a synovial joint contain?

A

Fluid-filled synovial cavity
Capsule
Various ligaments

46
Q

Deep fascia is an expansive sheet of what?

A

Dense irregular CT

47
Q

The less movable attachment of a muscle is called its __________, whereas the more movable attachment of the muscle is its _____________

A

Origin; insertion

48
Q

When a muscle contracts, ____________ is pulled toward the __________

A

Insertion; origin

49
Q

On muscles, the origin typically lies ___________ to the insertion

A

Proximal

50
Q

____________ muscle is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

A

Circular

51
Q

______________ muscle has widespread muscle fascicles that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular in shape

A

Convergent

52
Q

_____________ fascicles run parallel to its long axis and have a central body, called the belly or faster. Can be strap or fusiform

A

Parallel

53
Q

___________ muscles have one or more endings extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

A

Pennate

54
Q

____________ muscle: all of the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon

A

Unipennate

55
Q

______________ muscle: the most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon

A

Bippennate

56
Q

_______________ muscle: has branches of the tendon within the muscle

A

Multipennate

57
Q

What are the 2 main types of phasic muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic and isometric

  • Phasic = active
58
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and eccentric contractions

59
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle length remains the same -> no movement

  • Ex. Deltoid maintains steady contraction, holding arm in abducted position (equal resistance and gravity)
60
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

Movement occurs as a result of the muscle shortening

  • Ex. Deltoid shortens to raise arm in abduction (force generated exceeds force of gravity)
61
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Contracting muscle lengthens

  • Deltoid lengthens to lower arm in addiction (muscle relaxes -> force generated becomes less than gravity
62
Q

Ossification of short bones is similar to the primary ossification centers of long bone, however there is one short bone that develops a secondary ossification center, what bone is this?

A

Calcaneus

63
Q

What are the 3 accessory structures of a synovial joint?

A

Bursae
Fatpads
Tendons

64
Q

What is the calvaria?

A

Skullcap

65
Q

The bones of the calvaria of a newborn infants cranium do not make full contact with each other. At these sites, the sutures form wide areas of fibrous tissue called __________

A

Fontanelles

66
Q

Which fontanelle on a newborn is the most prominent and the one that most people call the “soft spot”

A

Anterior fontanelle

67
Q

Why are fontanelles in a newborn felt as ridges?

A

Because of the overlapping of the cranial bones by molding of the calvaria as it passes through the birth canal

68
Q

Normally, the anterior fontanelle is flat. What does a bulging fontanelle indicate?

A

Increased cranial pressure -> however the fontanelle normally bulges during crying so increased cranial pressure may not actually be the case

69
Q

A depressed fontanelle may be observed when the baby is ____________

A

Dehydrated

70
Q

What is septicemia?

A

Blood poisoning

71
Q

What type of muscle is the rectus femoris?

A

Bipennate

72
Q

The cavity of a synovial joint can be examined by inserting a cannula and an arthroscope into it. What is this procedure called and what does it enable orthopedic surgeons to do?

A

Arthroscopy -> enables orthopedic surgeons to examine joints for abnormalities, such as a torn menisci

73
Q

What kind of joint is the knee?

A

Hinge

74
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury occurring between C1-C3?

A

No motor below the head level, ventilator required

75
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury occurring between C4-C5?

A

Quadriplegia, respiration in tact

76
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between C6-C8?

A

Loss of lower limbs, but some degree of intact function in UE

77
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between T1-T9?

A

Paraplegia, amount of trunk control depends on height of lesion

78
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between 10-L1?

A

Some thigh muscle function but lower leg is paralyzed, may be able to function with long leg braces

79
Q

What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between L2-L3?

A

Retention of most leg function, short leg braces used

COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY (23 decks)

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