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Anatomy > Lecture 3 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

thoracic skeleton 6

A

1) Clavicle
2) Sternum –>Body/Manubrium (joint)/ Xiphoid proces
3) ribs (1-2 true), (8-10 false) , 11-12 floating
4) coastal cartilages
5) thoraic vertebrae
6) diaphragm

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2
Q

nasal septum and conchae/turbinate bones 3

A

NS - Seps L/R nasal cavities
C/TB- In between them are 3 meatuses 1. superior 2. inferior 3. middle
They IN SA so allows RAPID humidfication of air as it passes through lungs. so its recomeded to breathe through lungs.

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3
Q

Pneumatic bones 5

A 
PB contain air-filled spaces/sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
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4
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

The sinuses lighten the skull or improve our voices, but their main function is to produce a mucus that moisturizes the inside of the nose. This mucus layer protects the nose from pollutants, micro-organisms, dust and dirt.

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5
Q

Tonsils 4

A

Pharyngeal tonsils / adenoid - midline of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Palatine - both lateral sides of the uvula
Lingual- near base of tongue

Palatine/Lingual both complete Waldeyers ring of lymphatic tissue. Also Oropharynx.

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6
Q

Isthmus of the fauces

A

Posterior to the uvula

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7
Q

Layrnx - top to bottom 6

A
  1. Epiglottis - PROTECTS FOOD FROM ENTERING TRACHEA
  2. Hyoid bone (C4)
  3. Thyrohyoid bone
  4. Thyroid cartilage - LINKS WITH LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE/adams apple AND HELPS FORM IT
  5. Circothyroid cartilage
  6. Circoid cartilage (C6) - FIRST CARTILAGE RING OF TRACHEA - ONLY ONE THAT FORMS A CIRCLE.
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8
Q

Opening of layrnx 3

A

Epiglottis - and front which covers the glottis
Aryepiglottic folds - sides of opening
Arytenoid cartilage - at the back and pull on true vocal cords.

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9
Q

Nasal cavity 5

A 
Superior conchae – superior meatuses – middle conchae – middle meatus – inferior conchae – inferior meatuses. 
Paranasal sinuses - FEMS
Frontal - above eyes
Ethmoidal - between eyes
Maxillary - under eyes
Sphenoid - behind eyes
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10
Q

Pharynx 4

A

Nasopharynx - posterior to nasal cavity
Oropharynx - behind oral cavity
Layrngopharynx - behind the layrnx

Opening of the auditory/Eustachian/pharyngotympanic tube - on the lateral wall of the NP, posterior to nasal cavity.

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11
Q

What is the function of the eustachian/pharyngotympanic/auditory tube?

A

The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity.
It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.

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12
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone? At what vertebral level does it usually lie?

A

C4
The hyoid bone is found in the neck and acts as a point of attachment of several muscles in the head and neck that have to do with swallowing.
The hyoid bone is unique in that it is the only bone in the body that is not attached to another bone. It floats freely in the neck.

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13
Q

Laryngeal orifice
Laryngeal prominence
True vocal folds/cord
False vocal folds/cord

A
  • Laryngeal orifice – Opening into trachea.
  • Laryngeal prominence: Adams apple. The position of the larynx is indicated by the Adam’s apple on a living person.
  • True vocal folds/cord: Vocal cords that make the sound.
  • False vocal folds/cord: Don’t make sound, protect the larynx. They are just a flap above the true vocal cords.
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14
Q

FLASHCARD OF LUNGS

A

FC

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15
Q

3 surfaces of the lungs

A

three surfaces of the lungs are the costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal (medial) surfaces.

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16
Q

hilum

A

The root of the lung is a tubular collection of structures located at the hilum. It attaches the lung to the structures present in the mediastinum. The hilum/hilus is a large area that lies near the centre of the medial surface and various structures enter and leave the lungs via its root.

17
Q

Respiratory movements - expansion of the ribcage 3

A
  • Vertical– Diaphragm contracts, pushing the cavity up, increasing the volume of the cavity, decreasing the pressure, causing air to move into the lungs (Inspiration)
  • Anterior/posterior – External intercostal muscles contract, the true ribs are able to push the sternum out, like a pump handle
  • Transverse – The lower ribs are able to evert and raise like a bucket handle
18
Q

What are ‘bucket handle’ and ‘pump handle’ movements?

A

“Pump handle” increases A/P distance

“Bucket handle” increases thoracic width

19
Q

The pleural membranes 5

A

Pleura - 1/2 membranes that surrounds the lungs.
It is a SEROUS membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and envelops the lungs.
2 parts
Visceral - covers the organs/lungs.
Parietal - lines the walls of body cavity, thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm. It continues around the heart forming the lateral walls of the mediastinum.

Between them is a thin, fluid filled serous space called pleural fluid, it helps reduce friction. Lubricant between the two membranes.
They both extend until root of lung forming a closed pleural cavity.

20
Q

Mediastinum 3

A

The central region of the thoracic cavity, located between the two laterally placed pleural cavities.
Divided into superior and inferior parts.
The inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum.

21
Q

What landmarks are used to divide the mediastinum into superior and inferior compartments? 4

A

Superior – Thoracic inlet.
Inferior – Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle/ angle of Louis.
Anterior – Manubrium of the sternum.
Posterior – Vertebral bodies of T1-4.

22
Q

What structures would you expect to find in the superior mediastinum?

A

Arch of aorta + branches, SVC, trachea, oesophagus

23
Q

What structures would you expect to find in the middle and posterior mediastinum?

A

Middle: heart in pericardium, bifurcation of trachea, ascending aorta, SVC, pulmonary trunk
Posterior: descending aorta, oesophagus

24
Q

Osteology - ribs

A
  • Head with two articular facets: superior and inferior articular facets
  • Neck – connects head and body of the bone
  • Tubercle with one articular facet (region between the neck and the body, which connects the neck of the bone and the body of the body)
  • Angle
  • Shaft (body)
  • Subcostal groove – on the inside of the rib (thoracic cavity) – there is a subcostal groove running along the body of the rib - Protecting the vessels and nerves from damage.
25
Q

Osteology - Thoracic vertebrae 3

A
  • Body with superior and inferior - demifacets
  • Transverse process with articular facet
  • Spinous process
26
Q

Ribs form 2 joints

A

costotransverse and costovertebral joints.
• Costa: Rib (in Latin)
• Costotransverse joint – Between the tubercle of the rib, and the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae i.e. between the tubercle and veterbrae.
• Costovertebral joint – Between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae, and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above i.e. between the head of the rib to a vertebrae.

27
Q

Sternocostal joints 3

A
  • All ribs have a sternocostal joint except for the first rib.
  • Sternocostal joints = are synovial plane joints of the costal cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum (with the exception of the first).
  • Joint between the sternum and cartilage.
28
Q

Diaphragm - attachments and structure (9)

A
  • Costal margin
  • Xiphisternum
  • Vertebrae
  • Right and left crus (pl. crura)
  • Central tendon
  • Openings for IVC, oesophagus, aortic hiatus
  • Arcuate ligaments
  • If get damage to phrenic nerve, the diaphragm cannot move
  • When diaphragm contracts  Enlarges thoracic cavity  More air in

Anatomy (6 decks)

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