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BMSC 220 > Lecture #4 > Flashcards

Lecture #4 Flashcards

1
Q

______ ________: The outer boundary of the cell that separates it from the world is a thin, fragile structure about 5–10 nm thick. Need electron microscope to examine.

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

Try and list all 7 membrane functions: ?

A
  1. Compartmentalization
  2. Scaffold for biochemical activities
  3. Selectively permeable barrier
  4. Transport solutes
  5. Response to external stimuli
  6. Cell-cell communication
  7. Energy transduction
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3
Q

The ____ ______ accounted for the 2:1 ratio of lipid to cell surface area.

A

lipid bilayer

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4
Q

_____ are made of lipid–protein and carbohydrates (attached to the lipids and proteins)

A

Membranes

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5
Q

The ratio of lipid to protein ______ in a cell membrane.

A

varies

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6
Q

Membrane lipids are ______ which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

A

amphipathic

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7
Q

Three types of membrane lipids: ?

A

Phosphoglycerides
sphingolipids
cholesterol

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8
Q

Lipids with a phosphate group are _________; Phospholipids built on a glycerol backbone are called __________

A

phospholipids, phosphoglycerides

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9
Q

_______ is a long acyl chain with an amino group (NH2) and two hydroxyl groups (OH) at one end

A

Sphingosine

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10
Q

_______ are the basic structural units of all sphingolipids

A

Ceramides

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11
Q

A _________ consist of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid (R) by its amino group

A

ceramide

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12
Q

_________ is an example of a sphingolipid found in the membranous myelin sheath that surround nerve cells axons

A

Sphingomyelin

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13
Q

__________ is smaller and less amphipathic. It is a sterol that makes up to 50% of animal membrane lipids.
Carbon rings are flat and rigid.

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

_______: ruffling of the plasma membrane of a migrating cell

A

Movement

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15
Q

________: invagination of the plasma membrane during cell division

A

Division

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16
Q

________: plasma membranes of sperm and egg unite

A

Fusion

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17
Q

The lipid bilayer helps to maintain the proper internal ________ of a cell.

A

composition

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18
Q

______ are distributed in distinctly different pattern between the two leaflets of the bilayer

A

Lipids

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19
Q

90% are covalently linked to protein to form a ______.

A

glycoprotein

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20
Q

Carbohydrate ________ play an important role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment

A

projections

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21
Q

Membrane carbohydrates may be attached to several different amino acids by two types of linkages: ?

A

N-linkages and O-linkages

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22
Q

__-linkage: attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side chains

A

N

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23
Q

__-linkage: attached to the hydroxyl oxygen of serine, threonine side chains

A

O

24
Q

Glycolipid carbohydrates of the red blood cell plasma membrane determine a person’s ______ ____

A

blood type

25
Q

… determine whether a person’s blood type :
___: Enzyme adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the end of the chain.
___: Enzyme adds galactose to the chain terminus.
___: Both enzymes present.
___: Lack enzymes capable of attaching either terminal sugar.

A

A, B, AB, O

26
Q

About 30% of the proteins encoded in an animal’s genome are _______ proteins.

A

membrane

27
Q

_______ membrane proteins function as receptors that bind ligands, channels or transporters to move ions/solutes across the membrane.

A

Integral

28
Q

______ membrane proteins are amphipathic, which helps preserve the permeability barrier of the membrane

A

Integral

29
Q

_____ proteins associate with the membrane by weak electrostatic bonds

A

Peripheral

30
Q

________ proteins demonstrate one sided localization

A

Peripheral

31
Q

_______ proteins typically have a dynamic relationship with the membrane, being recruited or released as needed

A

Peripheral

32
Q

_____-________ proteins are covalently bonded to a lipid group that resides within the membrane

A

Lipid anchored

33
Q

There are two kinds of lipid-anchored proteins marked by the types of _____ ______ and the _______ on which they are exposed

A

lipid anchor, surface

34
Q

In lipid-anchored proteins: one is present on the ________ side of the plasma membrane and anchored by one or more long hydrocarbon chain in the ______ membrane

Some proteins are located on the ______ face of plasma membrane linked to the membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage, aka _____ _______

A

cytoplasmic, inner, external, GPI-proteins

35
Q

______ ______ is used to learn about the structure and activity of members of a protein family

A

Homology modeling

36
Q

Removal of proteins from membranes requires a _______

A

detergent

37
Q

_______: amphipathic like lipids. Substitution for phospholipids to stabilize proteins and making them soluble.

A

Detergent

38
Q

____ is ionic (charged) and denatures proteins. While _____ __-____ does not alter the protein tertiary structure.

A

SDS, Triton X-100

39
Q

Transmembrane domains can be predicted by the ______ _____ composition.

A

amino acid

40
Q

Transmembrane domains are a string of around ___ non-polar aa as an ɑ-helix.

A

20

41
Q

What are the two amino acid exceptions of transmembrane domains?

A

serine and threonine (non-charged, polar)

42
Q

______ is able to form a hydrogen bond with a backbone oxygen within the lipid bilayer

A

Threonine

43
Q

Physical state of the membrane lipid is described by its ______ or ______

A

fluidity, viscosity

44
Q

If the temperature of the bilayer is kept relatively _____ (37˚C), the lipid exists in a relatively fluid state and the molecules retain a specified _________.

A

warm, orientation

45
Q

Structure of the lipid bilayer depends on the ________

A

temperature

46
Q

Internal temperatures of most organisms can fluctuate with the temperature, so cells respond by altering _________ composition

A

phospholipid

47
Q

________ is catalyzed by specific enzymes, desaturases.

A

Desaturation

48
Q

The outer _____ of plasma membrane contains specialized regions

A

leaflet

49
Q

Cholesterol and sphingolipids tend to pack together to form highly ordered microdomains forming ______ ______, which provide a favorable environment for cell-surface ________

A

lipids rafts, receptors

50
Q

A phospholipid can move ______.

A

laterally

51
Q

________ are enzymes that move certain phospholipids from one leaflet to the other.

A

Flippases

52
Q

____ ______ is a technique whereby two different types of cells, or cells from two different species, can be fused to produce one cell.

A

Cell fusion

53
Q

Labeled proteins have shown that membrane proteins can/cannot move between fused cell

A

can

54
Q

______ can be immobile, mobile in a directed manner, or exhibit random movement

A

Proteins

55
Q

Measuring the diffusion rates of membrane proteins by _____: variable nature of fluorescence recovery is dependent upon the ______ _______

A

FRAP, protein examined

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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