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ANSC 250 > Lecture 4&5 Growth and Development > Flashcards

Lecture 4&5 Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Breed

A

A stock of animals within a species having a distinctive appearance and typically been developed by selection

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2
Q

Breeding animal

A

An animal used to produce offspring in a controlled and organized way.

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3
Q

ewe

A

sheep

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4
Q

Importance of skeletal system

A
  • Ability to move
  • Exercise
  • Protection from injury
  • Frame for growth
  • Storage of minerals
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5
Q

Importance of muscular system

A
  • Meat
  • Ability to move
  • Health
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6
Q

Importance of digestive system

A
  • Nutrient absorption
  • Feed-conversion efficiency
  • Health
  • Waste
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7
Q

Importance of respiratory system

A

Health, growth

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8
Q

Importance of reproductive system

A
  • Production of young

- Lactation

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9
Q

Importance of nervous system

A
  • Movement coordination
  • Ability to react
  • Endocrine system
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10
Q

Importance of circulatory system

A
  • Health

- Transport of nutrients

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11
Q

Importance of endocrine system

A

Production of hormones

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12
Q

Importance of immune system

A

Health

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13
Q

Importance of exocrine/urinary system system

A
  • Protection / vit D (skin)

- N waste and water balance

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14
Q

Implanting of pig blastocyst

A

Begin 13

End 24

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15
Q

Implanting of cow blastocyst

A

Begin 22

End 40

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16
Q

Implanting of sheep blastocyst

A

Begin 15

End 28

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17
Q

Implanting of mare blastocyst

A

Begin 24-40

End 95-100

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18
Q

Implanting of human blastocyst

A

Begin 7-8

Completion 30

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19
Q

Gestation length of rabbits

A

1 month (31 days)

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20
Q

Gestation length of Cats

A

2 months (63)

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21
Q

Gestation length of Dogs

A

2 months (65)

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22
Q

Gestation length of Pigs

A

Rule of 3
3months 3weeks 3 days
(114)

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23
Q

Gestation length of Sheep

A

5 months (147)

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24
Q

Gestation length of Goats

A

5 months (150)

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25
Q

Gestation length of cattle

A

9 months (285)

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26
Q

Gestation length of horses

A

11 months (336)

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27
Q

Three stages of gestation

A

Cleavage
Differentiation
Foetal growth

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28
Q

Cleavage (gestation)

A

zygote divides without increase in cytoplasm

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29
Q

Differentiation (gestation)

A

Embryo cells develop specific organs of body

30
Q

Fetal growth (gestation)

A

fetus starts growing

31
Q

Endoderm

A

Inside of embryo - out of inner cell mass

  • thyroid, parathyroid
  • larynx, trachea, lung
  • Urinary bladder, vagina, urethra
  • gastro intestinal organs
  • GI lining
  • Respiratory tract lining
32
Q

Mesoderm

A

Between ecto and endo

  • Bone marrow
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Lymphatic tissue
  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
  • connective tissues(bone &cartilage)
  • Urogenital system
  • Vascular system
33
Q

Ectoderm

A

Inner cell mass

  • Skin
  • neutral tissue
  • adrenal medulla
  • pituitary gland
  • connective tissue of head and brain
  • eyes, ears
34
Q

Factors influencing Fetal growth

A

Genetics
Environment
Fetal Hormones

35
Q

Genetics on fetal growth

A

species
breed
litter size
genotype

36
Q

Environment on fetal growth

A 
mother
- nutrition
- size, parity
Placenta
- Blood flow
- Size
37
Q

Fetal hormones on fetal growth

A 
Thyroid
- skeletal dev
- muscular dev
Insulin
- Placental growth
Growth hormone
- Fetal growth
38
Q

Yolk sac

A

Provide nutrient in early embryonic life

39
Q

Allantois

A

Supplies nutrients and oxygen to fetus and handles waste

40
Q

Amnionic cavity

A

amnion surrounds embryo, protects the fetus from injury

41
Q

Chorion

A

Membrane in contact with maternal uterine endometrium

42
Q

Placenta’s function

A

Protection
Nutrition
Respiration
Hormone production

43
Q

Placenta’s protective function

A

fluid cushion

placental barrier - protect from immune system

44
Q

Placenta’s nutritional function

A

Supply energy, protein, fatty-acid precursors

remove waste

45
Q

Placenta’s respiratory function

A

oxygen and co2

46
Q

Hormone production

A

Chroinoc gonadotropin

progesterone, estrogens

47
Q

Placental types

A

Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Discoid
Zonary

48
Q

Diffuse placenta

A

Covers entire surface of uterus

pig horse

49
Q

Cotyledonary placenta

A

Special sites of attachment

Sheep, cow

50
Q

Zonary placenta

A

Girdle or belt around the utera

Dog, ferret

51
Q

Discoid placenta

A

Disk shaped site on one side

Humans, primates

52
Q

Carcass

A

The dead body of an animal: specifically one that has been slaughtered for food, with the head, limbs, and entrails removed

53
Q

Superior Carcass?

A
  • High proportion of lean (muscle)
  • Low proportion of bone
  • “Optimum” amount of fat
54
Q

Effect of frame size in carcass composition

A

Different carcass composition at same weight
- small frame mature size at 900 - gain fat afterwards
- Large at 1300 gain fat afterwards.
At 1000 - small frame get fat but not large frame

55
Q

Sex of animal and carcass composition

A
  • Heifer gain fat faster than steer and bull

- barrows gain fat earlier than gilts and boars

56
Q

Double muscled cattle

A

Born with higher numbers of muscle fibers and augments muscle growth

57
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body weight until the mature size is reached

58
Q

Development

A

The directed coordination of all physiological precesses until maturity is reached

59
Q

Puberty

A

Female
- When estrus is first expressed with ovulation

Male
- When ejaculation occurs with sperm production

Reached before mature size is reached

60
Q

Factors that affect puberty

A
  • Species
  • Breed
  • Temperature
  • Season
  • General level of management
61
Q

Age of puberty - cats

A

6-18

- Earliest birth at 8 months

62
Q

Age of puberty - dogs

A

5-24

- Earliest birth at 7 months

63
Q

Age of puberty - Swine

A

4-7

- Earliest birth at 7 & half months

64
Q

Age of puberty - Goats

A

5-7

- Earliest birth at 10 months

65
Q

Age of puberty - Sheep

A

7-10

- Earliest birth at 12 months

66
Q

Age of puberty - Cattle

A

8-13

- Earliest birth at 17 months

67
Q

Age of puberty - Horses

A

12-24

- Earliest birth at 23 months

68
Q

Weight at puberty vs mature body weight

A

Puberty at approx 40%

69
Q

Quantifying reproductive ability

A
  • Desire and ability to mate
  • Capacity to produce normal gametes
  • Capacity to conceive - to get pregnant
  • Capacity to nourish embryo
  • Capacity to grow fetus
  • Ability to deliver and raise offspring
  • Complete recovery of the female reproductive tract for the establishment of a new gestation
70
Q

Reproductive Efficiency

A 
Pregnancy rate
Birth percentage
- How many survive in a litter
Inter-parturition intervals
- Milk production
Days open
- Days between birth to pregnant
Number of offsprings

ANSC 250 (4 decks)

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