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Psychology 302 > Lecture 4: Facial Expressions (Parts 1 & 2) [test 3] > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Facial Expressions (Parts 1 & 2) [test 3] Flashcards

1
Q

the following are describing which part of the body?
Most intricate channel of nonverbal behavior
Channel of nonverbal behavior that is most studied
Can reflect involuntary reactions
Can produce voluntary gestures
One of the most important signals = emotion

A

face

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2
Q

during communication, our eyes typically examine the other person’s ____ the most, and most gazes tend to be towards their ____ (both body parts)

A

face, eyes

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3
Q

t/f- being able to read emotional states of the person you’re talking to can give info re emotional states, intentions, motivations, personality, trustworthiness, credibility, deception

A

true

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4
Q

Emotions conveyed through the face are often: (4 characteristics)

A
  1. Immediate
  2. Automatic
  3. Involuntary
  4. Unconscious
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5
Q

t/f- certain lie detection measures can work since there are limitations of the facial musculature that we can control overtly, meaning we can only manipulate and feign facial expressions/emotions to a degree

A

true

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6
Q

the _____ of facial expressions makes the ability to read emotional expressions even more crucial

a. composure
b. universality
c. reactiveness
d. manipulation

A

b. universality

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7
Q

when faking a smile, it is ____ to manipulate the mouth and ____ to manipulate musculature around the eyes
pick: difficult, easy

A

easy, difficult

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8
Q

BONUS: a good way to distinguish a genuine from a fake smile is to focus on which part of the face?

A

cover up nose and mouth and focus on eyes

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9
Q

emotions prepare us for behaviour and can facilitate or block…

a. overt expressions
b. covert expressions
c. the dissemination of info
d. our ability to quickly respond to stimuli

A

c. the dissemination of info

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10
Q

emotional expressions through the face can provide insight about all of the following EXCEPT:

a. personality
b. motivations
c. intentions
d. cognitive processes
e. all of the above are correct

A

d. cognitive processes

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11
Q

facial expressions help establish relationships and vet people, evaluate truthfulness, and establish credibility. This is especially useful in situations involving…

a. negotiation
b. persuasion
c. influence
d. all of these
e. all but c

A

d. all of these

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12
Q

t/f- emotions prepare the body for behaviour and there is a strong link between emotions and actions

A

true (eg. if angry, blood goes to arms to help you fight)

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13
Q

when people don’t readily give info (eg. deception or refusing to talk), there is typically an emotional reason why. Obtaining this info requires you to address the … of this person

a. emotional needs
b. biological needs
c. cognitive mindset
d. fear

A

a. emotional needs (which requires you to have read these needs in the first place)

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14
Q

“transient, bio-psycho-social reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare and potentially require immediate action” is a description of ____

A

emotion

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15
Q

t/f- emotions are rapid info processing systems and help us act with minimal conscious effort (ie., we can handle universal problems such as birth, death, seduction with minimal conscious cognitive intervention)

A

true

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16
Q

explain how emotions are biopsychosocial

A

bio- elicit physio responses
psycho- involve mental processes required to elicit and regulate responses to mental activities, and to motivate behaviours
social- often elicited by social factors, have social meaning

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17
Q

When our emotions are triggered, they collaborate with other systems. Explain what this means

A

collaborate in a way that simultaneously activates certain systems and actives others to avoid competing systems (eg. fear- more blood to legs and shuts down digestive processes)

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18
Q

emotions initiate the system of components including all of the above EXCEPT __ to operate in a collaborative manner

a. subjective experiences
b. expressive behaviours
c. action tendencies
d. cognitive responses
e. physio reactions
f. all of the above are true

A

f. all of the above are true

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19
Q 
when our emotions are triggered, they collaborate with all of the following systems EXCEPT: 
a. Perception
b. Attention
c. Learning
d. Memory
e. Motivational priorities
f. Physiological reactions
g. Motor behaviors
h. Behavioral decision making 
I. All of the above
A

I. All of the above

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20
Q

the following describes _____ (emotions, moods, personality traits)
Longer-lasting affective states
Can last for hours, days, or longer
Alter the likelihood that people will experience emotions more frequently
Can be triggered by nonspecific events

A

moods

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21
Q

the following describes _____ (emotions, moods, personality traits)
a state, not trait
A mental condition that involves affect, physiological response, mental changes, and expressive behavior
Internal, mental conditions as opposed to external or physical conditions
Have affect as the referential focus rather than behavior or cognition
Triggered by specific events

A

emotions

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22
Q

the following describes _____ (emotions, moods, personality traits)

  • predispositions to display particular emotions
  • result of combo of genes and enviro learning
A

personality traits

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23
Q

emotions have ____ as the referential focus

a. behaviour
b. cognition
c. affect

A

c. affect

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24
Q

_____ last longer

a. emotions
b. moods

A

b. moods

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25
Q

emotions, moods, and personality traits are differentiated by…

a. time course
b. their triggers
c. both of these
d. neither of these

A

c. both of these

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26
Q

which of the following are triggered by specific events? nonspecific?
moods, emotions

A

emotions- specific

moods- nonspecific

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27
Q

t/f- personality traits are not emotions, but rather predispositions that (often) exist through lifespan to experience emotions more often

A

true

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28
Q

BONUS4: t/f- it is impossible to experience one emotional state all the time

A

true (too physiologically draining)

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29
Q

emotions are … and psychopathology is …

a. insignificant, significant
b. subjective, objective
c. transient, a chronic state
d. static, fluctuating

A

c. transient, a chronic state

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30
Q

when one angle emotion becomes a chronic state, this leads to _____

A

psychopathology (person stuck in an emotion and can’t get out)

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31
Q

BONUS: t/f- people who experience psych disorders also experience other emotions, but due to chronic state of experience of the one emotion (sadness, fear, etc) they tend to be debilitating for that person, and those around them, over time

A

true

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

7 biological emotions

A

Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise, contempt

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34
Q

7 major characteristics of biological emotions (general) include universality in…

A

1) Universality in emotion antecedents (triggers)
2) Universality in emotion appraisal process
3) Universality in physiological responses
4) Universality in cognitive processes
5) Universality in subjective emotional experience
6) Universality in expressive behavior
7) Universality in the coherence among emotion response systems

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35
Q 
BONUS: which of the following is NOT a category of emotions?
basic 
self-conscious
positive
pro-social
moral
these are all categories of emotions
A

these are all categories of emotions

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36
Q

emotion antecedents

A

events/situations that elicit and emotion

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37
Q 
Most frequent triggers of the 7 biological emotions: (6)
Good news
Bad news
Temporary separation
Permanent separation
Success in achievement situations
Failure in achievement situations
A
  1. Good news
  2. Bad news
  3. Temporary separation
  4. Permanent separation
  5. Success in achievement situations
  6. Failure in achievement situations
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38
Q

3 most frequent elicitors of happiness across cultures

A
  1. relationships w friends
  2. temporary meetings w friends
  3. achievement situations
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39
Q

2 most frequent elicitors of anger across cultures

A
  1. relationships

2. injustice

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40
Q

2 most frequent elicitors of sadness across cultures

A
  1. relationships

2. death

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41
Q

____ are, overall, the catalysts for most human emotions

a. achievements
b. success
c. experiences
d. relationships

A

d. relationships

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

if humans have evolved to display certain emotions because they are biologically adaptive, they must have some ______

a. inherent meaning
b. temporal relevance
c. functionality
d. reproductive relevance

A

c. functionality

44
Q

t/f- There is a strong degree of similarity in emotion appraisal processes across cultures

A

true

45
Q

emotional appraisal

A

how you evaluate an event in your life in order to know whether to trigger an emotion (process by which people evaluate events, situations, or occurrences that lead to emotions)

46
Q

3 crucial dimensions of how we emotionally appraise events (consistent across cultures)

A
  1. whether antecedent (trigger) helped person to achieve or block their goals
  2. whether the antecedent (trigger) was expected or not
  3. whether the antecedent (trigger) was fair or unfair
47
Q

t/f- each universal emotion, when signalled by universal facial expressions, has a distinct physiological signature in the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and these results have been replicated cross-culturally

A

true

48
Q

facial expressions capturing the universal emotions have distinct physiological signatures, which are elicited in the ____ nervous system, and patterns have also been found in the ____ nervous system

A

autonomic, central

49
Q

the following are universal physiological responses to which emotion?

Heart rate increases
Blood rushes to upper parts of body
Especially towards hands and arms

A

anger

50
Q

the following are universal physiological responses to which emotion?

Heart rate increases
Blood rushes to lower parts of body (Especially towards our legs)
Digestive system shuts down

A

fear

51
Q

why do different universal emotions have different signatures in the ANS?

A

each emotion prepares us to engage in specific behaviours to adapt to the events that elicited it

52
Q

cognitive gating

A

channeling of our mental activities and attention (differs depending on which emotion we are experiencing)

53
Q

describe cognitive gating for surprise or fear

A

produces increase in our visual field, so we can scan enviro more broadly and be more attentive to novel info in surrounding

54
Q

describe cognitive gating for anger

A

narrows vision- focusing on target of our anger- tunnel vision

55
Q

describe cognitive gating for disgust

A

turns off our sensors in our olfactory system so we don’t become overwhelmed by stimulus that triggered the disgust

56
Q

t/f- an important aspect of cognitive processes that occur with emotional experiences is that when we experience a certain emotion, it’s easier to think other thoughts and recall memories associated with that emotion

A

true

57
Q

t/f- there are more similarities than differences in cross cultures in terms of subjective feelings, physio sensations, motor behaviours, and expressions elicited by universal emotions

A

true

58
Q

emotions produce these 4 categories of universal, expressive nonverbal behaviours:

A
  1. Facial expressions
  2. Voice
  3. Body postures
  4. Gestures
59
Q

facial expressions coordinate social interactions since they are:

a. informative
b. evocative
c. motivating
d. all of these
e. none of these

A

d. all of these

60
Q

facial expressions coordinate social interactions since they are informative about…(3)

A

Emotional state
Behavioral intentions
Relational status

61
Q

t/f- emotional expression serves as a social affordance, evoking a prepared response from others

A

true

62
Q

social affordances

A

options for how someone may behave, emotionally or socially

63
Q

t/f- prepared emotional responses are largely universal and biological

A

true (eg., anger evolved to elicit fear related responses, inhibition of inappropriate action)

64
Q

in Emotion response system coherence: the following response components are related to one another in very meaningful ways:

Antecedent events
Appraisals
Physiology
Cognition
Subjective experience
Expressive behavior

explain what is meant by this

A

these responses of emotion are v collaborative to avoid competing responses (eg. if something good happens- happiness- higher heart/respiration rate (physio), cognition primed to think happier thoughts, subjectively feel satisfied, etc- these reactions are coherent and collaborative)

65
Q

across 27 countries, there is ____ (low, moderate, high) correlation in coherence between these 3 components of emotional responses
Expressive behaviors
Emotional experiences
Physiological sensations

A

moderate

66
Q

3 main lines of evidence suggesting universality of facial expressions of emotion

A
  1. congenitally blind
  2. infants
  3. nonhuman animals
67
Q

Blind individuals and sighted individuals show many similarities in their spontaneous emotional facial expressions. This has been shown among:

a. Children
b. Adults
c. individuals from many different cultural backgrounds
d. all of the above
e. b and c only

A

d. all of the above

68
Q

if congenitally blind individuals from different countries and cultures produce the same facial configurations of emotion in the same emotionally evocative situations as sighted individuals, this provides strong evidence for…

A

biological basis of emotions

69
Q

what were the results of the Matsumoto study examining paralympic congenitally blind athletes?

A

Nearly perfect association between blind and sighted athletes with respect to their expressions (correlations b/w .94 and .98)

70
Q

Duchenne smile

A

involve not only smiling muscles (zygomatic major- raises lip corners) but also muscles surrounding eyes (orbiculares oculi- raises cheeks, thins eyes, lowers eye cover fold- these muscles are hard to manipulate, meaning Duchenne smile is an indicator of a truly authentic smile)

71
Q

in the Matsumoto paralympic judo study, both sighted and blind winning athletes displayed mainly ____ smiles

A

Duchenne

72
Q

t/f- Twin studies have revealed more similarities among monozygotic twin facial expressions than dizygotic twin facial expressions

A

true

73
Q

t/f- Facial behaviors that are produced by blind individuals tend to be more strongly associated with facial expressions produced by kin than facial expressions produced by strangers

A

true

74
Q

t/f- facial expressions of emotion are to a certain degree, heritable

A

true

75
Q

t/f- Same facial musculature that exists in adult humans is present in newborn infants and is fully functioning at the time of birth

A

true

76
Q

what are the 3 emotional expressions produced by infants (neonates)?

A
  1. smiling
  2. distaste (precursor to disgust)
  3. crying
77
Q

there is controversy and debate regarding…

a. whether infants have a wide range of facial expression
b. when negative emotions in infants begin to differentiate (eg. sadness vs anger)
c. whether infants are truly capable of feeling something as complex as emotions

A

b. when negative emotions in infants begin to differentiate (eg. sadness vs anger) (some say they exist after birth, others in 1st or 2nd year of life)

78
Q

t/f- there are many morphological similarities that exist between human and nonhuman primate expressions of emotion

A

true

79
Q

what do we do with our voice and facial expression when trying to appear non-threatening? threatening?

A

non- higher pitched noise, facial expressions tend to smile

threatening- lower pitch noise, facial expressions tend to be angry

80
Q

t/f- from evo perspective, smiles and expression of anger have deep evolutionary theoretical underpinning

A

true

81
Q

chimps and humans have comparable facial musculature, but humans have additional facial muscles. HOWEVER, these are strongly related to…

A

speech, articulation, ability to talk while eating

82
Q

t/f- chimps have fully functional facial musculature that includes same muscles that are used by humans to convey emotional expressions AND chimp musculature produces many of the same appearance changes in face as you’d see in human musculature and these coincide w the 6 biological emotions

A

true

83
Q

both the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts are distinct and important neural pathways that mediate the production of facial expressions- compare the two in terms of their function and where they originate

A

1) Pyramidal tract:
Voluntary facial actions
Originates in cortical motor strip
Important when looking at uniquely human abilities (often reside in cortex- newest area of brain)

2) Extrapyramidal tract
Involuntary emotional expressions
Originates in subcortical areas of brain
Subcortical- areas we share with nonhuman species

84
Q

microexpressions are associated with ____ tract activation, and macroexpressions, which can be used to cover up microexpressions, are controlled by the ____ tract

A

micro- extrapyramidal

macro- pyramidal

85
Q

what allowed Ekman & Friesen to discover microexpressions?

A

emergence of frame by frame video recordings

86
Q

microexpressions are likely to occur when people attempt to…

a. convey contempt
b. mask their emotional expressions
c. refrain from reacting to revolting stimuli
d. have a strong emotional reaction

A

b. mask their emotional expressions

87
Q

t/f- people cannot be trained to detect microexpressions

A

false- they can

88
Q

subtle/partial expressions

A

low intensity emotional expressions that occur when someone is beginning to feel an emotion, when an emotional response is of low intensity, or when the person is trying to cover up an emotion but cannot

89
Q

when do subtle/partial expressions occur? (3)

A
  1. when an individual is just beginning to feel an emotion,
  2. when an emotional response is of low intensity
  3. when the person is trying to cover up an emotion but can’t
90
Q

subtle/partial expressions can be ___

a. micro
b. macro
c. both

A

c. both

91
Q

2 strategies for the study of emotion

A

1) Top-down strategy

2) Bottom-up strategy

92
Q

describe the top-down strategy, including its pro and con

A

theory drives observation, categories fit into the concepts you have already developed a priori in your explanatory model- lots of clarity and organizational control for testing hypotheses, but cannot use this to provide explanation of phenomena that are not included in explanatory model

93
Q

describe bottom-up strategy

A

requires long period of data collection to develop an inclusive theory- working with data to develop theory

94
Q

did Darwin use the top down or bottom up approach?

A

bottom up

95
Q

does psychology tend to use the top down or bottom up approach in studying facial expression?

A

top down (develop simple a priori conceptual categories first)

96
Q

2 limitations of much facial expression research

A

The ability to record emotional expressions was limited before the 1980s (hard to get good recordings- even today, with lots of data, we struggle to find ways to best code it)

The typical antecedents of emotion are difficult if not impossible to capture in a lab (ie you don’t really experience true emotions in a lab)

97
Q

2 arguments for how facial experience research should be conducted to improve it

A

Reducing reliance on artificial expressions (most stimuli used in NV research rely on artificial expressions- confederates display emotions as stimuli. Problem- not capturing authentic emotional expressions- hard to have consistency across emotional expressions and to capture them naturalistically)

Caution in understanding of universality of emotional facial expression (might be cultural differences in expression and interpretation of emotional expressions that researchers consider to be universal)

98
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC is focusing on the relative position of sender and receiver- describe this

A

to understand emotion, must factor in things like how far apart people are sitting, whether spatial locations change throughout interactions, etc

99
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC issuing a dynamic approach- describe this

A

most NVC research uses static images as stimuli- in real life, we are exposed to dynamic stimuli

100
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC is The importance of considering both subtle and isolated muscular movements- describe this

A

in existing research, there is strong reliance on clear and pronounced emotional expressions- we need to look at subtle expressions and isolated muscle movements to better understand interpretation of emotional expressions

101
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC is putting a higher premium on context- describe this

A

focusing on things like lighting, room temp, colour of room- all influence NVC

102
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC is Stronger focus on neural processing occurring during perception AND production of facial expressions- describe this

A

most research looks at neural processing that occurs during PERCEPTION but not production- need to consider both

103
Q

one of the 7 suggestions for improving research in NVC is The limitations of the concept of universality need to be considered- describe this

A

need to consider that past research on universality has used clear depictions of emotions, has had strong reliance on static stimuli- we don’t know if results would be the same and transferrable across cultures if we used partial depictions of emotion, dynamic stimuli, etc

104
Q

t/f- b/c of complexity inherent in NVC (which is complex, dynamic), many slight changes can result in differentials in dynamics of communication- how you choose what to assess and ignore in terms of assessment- we can only focus on a few variables at a time in terms of NVC- otherwise will take too long to publish research, and is unfeasible

A

true

105
Q 
gains in facial expression research can be made with a stronger focus on facial muscular movements in relation to...
Core affect
Unexplained emotion
Affect regulation
Appraisals
Action tendencies
Motives surrounding an emotional episode
All of these
A

All of these

106
Q

t/f- there are many expressions that researchers don’t know how to categorize and don’t fit into our categorical systems (“unexplained emotions”), revealing that we have only scraped the tip of the iceberg in our understanding of NVC

A

true

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

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