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Cell biology > Lecture 5 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Diversity of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How are cells organised in a multicellular organism?

A

into tissues: epithelia, nervous tissues, connective tissue, muscle blood

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2
Q

What does the word differentiation mean

A

the process of producing different types of cells

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3
Q

How are zygotes made?

A

Formed by fusion of genetically distinct egg and sperm.

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4
Q

What is an embryonic stem?

A

50th cell stage approx 5-6 days

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5
Q

What does it mean by Embryonic stem cells are totipotent?

A

The cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate leads to greater potency.

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6
Q

What does pluripotent mean vs mono potent?

A

Cells give rise to cells of a particular tissue while mono potent cells only differentiate into one cell type

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7
Q

How are blood cells differentiated?

A

Starts off with stem cell and further differentiates into red blood cells or white blood cells

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for differentiation

A
  1. All cells start the same and they contain the same genome
  2. Differentiated cells express a different set of genes. The transcribed gene and translated protein are different in differentiated cells.
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9
Q

What does transcriptome mean?

A

sum total of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

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10
Q

What does proteome mean?

A

entire complement of gene that can be expressed

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11
Q

At what stage does the tissue specific gene expression is regulated?

A

Transcription - Fine tuning at post-transcriptional miRNAs and post transcriptional levels also occurs. Certain signals are received by the cell cause activation transcription factor to turn on certain genes

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12
Q

How are genes expressed?

A
  1. Both coding and noncoding regions of DNA are transcribed into mRNA
  2. Some regions are removed (introns) during initial mRNA processing
  3. The remaining axon are then spliced together. Spliced mRNA molecules is prepared for export out of nucleus
  4. 5’ cap protects mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding during translation.

The poly A tail protects mRNA from degradation in the export of the mature mRNA to the cytoplasm and is involved in binding proteins, involved in initiating translation

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13
Q

What are the four major classes of cell surface receptors?

A
  1. G-Protein coupled receptor
  2. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors
  3. Ion channel receptors
  4. Receptors with intrinsic enzymatic activity

Signals generated as the plasma membrane are transducer to the nucleus via a complex series secondary events e.g. binding of second messenger to receptors, phosphorylation etc.

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14
Q

What happens when the entire cell is differentiated?

A

Once a cell has fully differentiated it has limited or no capacity to divide. -> Cell death

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15
Q

What is apoptosis

A

“Normal” cell death is by apoptosis - a genetically regulated process. Dying cells are replaced by new cells from the stem cell pool.

[Half lives vary between different cell types]

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16
Q

What role does apoptosis play?

A
  1. Role in embryogenesis, tissue, homeostasis, damage limitation, control and function of immune system.
  2. Evolutionarily conserved, genetically controlled i.e programmed cell death.
17
Q

What are the two main gene families involved with this?

A

Bcl-2 family [regulation]
Capspase family [execution]
Many accessory proteins e.g. death domain (DD) proteins.

18
Q

What happens if there is little apoptosis

A

cancer, autoimmune disease, prolonged viral infection

19
Q

what happens if there is too much apoptosis

A 
neurogenerative disease
autoimmune disease (cell attacks itself)
20
Q

How may apoptosis become unregulated

A
  1. Genes that control apoptosis become damaged or aberrantly expressed
  2. Inappropriate triggering of apoptosis
  3. Interference by exogenous genes (viral, bacterial, parasitic)
21
Q

What are the seven cell types

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Intestinal Cells
  3. Neurons
  4. Rod Cells
  5. Erythrocytes
  6. Connective tissue
  7. Muscle cells
22
Q

What are the four types of epithelial cells?

A
  1. Epithelial cells
  2. Absorptive cells
  3. Ciliated cells
  4. Secretory cells
23
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

form sheets that cover the inner and outer body surfaces. can also form single or multiple layers [epithelial]

24
Q

What are absorptive cells

A

have microvilli to increase their surface area. [epithelial]

25
Q

what are ciliated cells?

A

cells which beat to move substances over the sheet [epithelial]

26
Q

What are secretory cells

A

secrete substances out onto the sheet [epithelial]

27
Q

What are the 4 types of intestinal cells?

A
  1. Absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Paneth cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
28
Q

What are absorptive cells?

A

absorbs energy [intestinal] cell

29
Q

What are goblet cells

A

secret mucous

30
Q

What are panted cells?

A

secrete growth factors and antibacterial substances

31
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells?

A

secrete peptide hormones and serotonin into gut wall

32
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A
  1. Multipolar interneurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Sensory Neurons
33
Q

What are rod cells?

A

Specialised sensory cells in the retina. Layers of disks contain the light sensitive pigment rhodopsin
Light evokes an electrical signals that is transmitted to the brain

34
Q

What are erythrocyte?

A
  • Highly specialised cells for transportation of oxygen.
  • Major protein components in haemoglobin
  • Often have lost their nuclei and internal membrane -> can’t replicate
  • Very abundant
35
Q

What are connective tissues?

A
  1. Connective tissues fill the spaces between epithelial sheets and tubes
  2. Fibroblasts is embedded in the extracellular matrix secreted by itself and neighbouring cells
  3. Fibroblast differentiation depends on the extracellular matrix.
36
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Cardiacs muscles
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle

37
Q

What are cardiac muscle?

A
  1. located in wall of heart. Adjacent cells are connected by electrical conduction junction to ensure synchronous contraction
38
Q

What are the properties of skeletal muscles

A

started muscle fibres are made from large multinucleate cells. Control voluntary movement of joints

39
Q

What are smooth muscles

A

thin elongated cells (non treated) control involuntary movements of digestive tracts, arteries, visceral organs.

Cell biology (6 decks)

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