Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 302 > Lecture 5: Eye Contact & Gaze [test 3] > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Eye Contact & Gaze [test 3] Flashcards

1
Q

from the __th month of life, the eyes are the most scanned feature of the face, and this bias continues through the lifespan

A

2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the bias towards the eyes being the most scanned feature of the face is not seen in individuals with ___ and ___

a. narcissistic personality disorder, ADHD
b. schizoid personality disorder, depression
c. BPD, depression
d. schizophrenia, autism

A

d. schizophrenia, autism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

newborns preferentially look at faces that display ____ gaze

a. averted
b. direct
c. no

A

b. direct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

t/f- individuals who do not display a bias towards the eyes being the most scanned feature of the face from the 2nd month of life are prone to later developmental challenges

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

t/f- ability to detect directionality of gaze in one’s face is important in guiding social interactions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

newborns of many vertebrates, including humans, have inborn predispositions to look preferentially at ____ cues

a. social
b. affective
c. affection
d. anger

A

a. social (eg. direct eye gaze, biological motion patterns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

one study looked at visual predispositions to look at social vs non-social cues in newborns at low (LR) and high risk (HR) for autism. Comment on the results for each of the 3 stimuli they used :

  1. upright vs inverted face-like figure
  2. direct vs averted gaze
  3. biological vs random motion
A
  1. upright vs inverted face-like figure- HR preferred inverted stimulus
  2. direct vs averted gaze- HR preferred averted faces, but results not significant
  3. biological vs random motion- HR preferred random motion

overall- HR have less inclination for biologically salient stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t/f- Adults: are faster to respond to stimuli in the environment if they are located in a direction that is congruent with the gaze of a face.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

t/f- the direction of gaze of a conspecific can elicit visuospatial orienting

A

true (eg. if someone is looking at something, your ability to look at that stimulus will be faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

“3-4mo infants can follow eye gaze of adults”- this statement is:

a. true
b. true, but only with upright adult faces (NOT upside down faces)
c. true, but only in Western cultures
d. false

A

b. true, but only with upright adult faces (NOT upside down faces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

t/f- great apes, monkeys, lemurs, dogs, goats, many species of birds also show gaze following, in addition to humans

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fMRI research shows that the … is involved in the perception of eye gaze and mouth movements

a. fusiform gyrus
b. prefrontal cortex
c. superior temporal sulcus (STS)
d. amygdala

A

c. superior temporal sulcus (STS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

people in an fMRI were exposed to stimuli: moving eyes, moving mouths, and movements on a checkerboard. Describe results in terms of brain area activation in:

  • visual area of brain
  • superior temporal sulcus (STS)
A
  • all conditions activated visual area of brain

- only mouth and eyes (biological) stimuli activated STS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Wicker’s PET study found that face processing in general (regardless of eye gaze direction) was associated with activation in:

a. striate and extrastriate visual cortex
b. occipito-temporal areas
c. both of the above
d. amygdala

A

c. both of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wicker’s PET study found that eye gaze processing occurred in all of these EXCEPT:
Occipital portion of fusiform gyrus
Right amygdala
Right parietal lobule
All of these were involved in eye gaze processing

A

All of these were involved in eye gaze processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Wicker’s PET study involved all of these experimental conditions EXCEPT:
A face with neutral gaze
A face with averted gaze
A face with direction of gaze not visible
Control (eyes closed)
All of these were involved

A

All of these were involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

t/f- Wicker’s PET study addressed the methodological issue of the extent of overlap between brain areas that process eye gaze, and those that process facial features (since eyes occur in the context of the face)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Direct eye gaze (irrespective of head orientation) leads to stronger activation in the ____ gyrus

A

fusiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

facial encoding is stronger when…

a. gaze is direct
b. gaze is averted
c. it is equally strong regardless of gaze direction

A

a. gaze is direct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

prosopagnosia

A

cognitive disorder where you lose ability to recognize familiar faces, including your own, but other visual processing remains intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prosopagnosia results from damage or abnormalities in the …

a. prefrontal cortex
b. posterior parietal cortex
c. STS
d. fusiform gyrus

A

d. fusiform gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

facial recognition may occur in this brain area, since it activates when people look at faces

a. prefrontal cortex
b. posterior parietal cortex
c. STS
d. fusiform gyrus

A

d. fusiform gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

overstimulating the fusiform gyrus with electrical charges results in…

A

perception of faces to become distorted, but perception of other body parts and inanimate objects unchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ERPs among 4mo infants, there is ____ cortical processing with direct eye gaze. What does this tell us?

a. enhanced
b. reduced
c. equal

A

a. enhanced
shows that situation involving more eye gaze requires more cognitive activation to understand the gaze and connection with the other person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

infant emotional regulation is associated with the development of…(4)

A
  1. social competence
  2. conscience
  3. resiliency in early to middle childhood
  4. secure attachments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

BONUS: “behavioural restraint in dealing with emotions, and also being able to cognitively redirect yourself to something else in order to move on from strong emotion” is the definition of…

A

emotional regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

synchronicity

A

temporal matching of micro-level behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

t/f- synchronous interactions (eg. temporal matching of smiles, vocalizations) b/w parent and child are important in order to enhance an infant’s regulatory capacities

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
synchronicity has been noted in:
Gaze
Affect
Vocalization
Body movements
Arousal indicators
All of these
A

All of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

t/f- infants gradually learn to regulate emotions independently from their caregivers and synchronous interactions important to facilitate development in terms of synchronicity in eye gaze, affect, vocalization, body movements, arousal indicators

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mothers often coordinate behaviours based on cues of the ____ in that moment

a. father
b. infant
c. emotions
d. heat

A

b. infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

t/f- synchronicity only occurs between MOTHERS and infants/children

A

false- happens with fathers too, but research biased towards mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mother’s responses to infant cues is critically important for the development of ____ regulation

A

emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

maternal attunement (caregiver attunement)

A

process through which mothers/caregivers adapt their behaviors in order to respond to infant cues and needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what did a longitudinal study examining how matching of maternal behaviours to infant cues show in terms of mothers who were alert, attentive, and displayed appropriate levels of stimulation with 1mo’s in face to face interactions? (what were the results in the infants at 4mo?)

A

had better regulatory skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

infants learn how to regulate their emotional responses and degree of arousal through: (5)

A
  1. Co-occurrence of social gaze
  2. Matching affective states
  3. Co-vocalization
  4. Coordination of body tone and movements
  5. Matching arousal levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

t/f- regulating emotional responses involves having strong understanding of expectations, norms of those around us and being able to be on same page in terms of emotional responses, and coordination with parents allows infants to develop social understanding of how to emotionally interact with others, and what the boundaries are in terms of emotional expressions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mutual regulation model

A

classifies mother/caregiver interactions as coordinated/synchronous or miscoordinated/asynchronous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when a dyad is miscoordinated/asynchronous, what do the participants in the dyad do?

A

adjust behaviours to get to coordinated/synchronous state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

repair (mutual regulation model)

A

when dyads move from miscoordinated/asynchronous to coordinated/synchronous state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

coordinated/synchronous states AND repairs both generate _____ affective states, and miscoordinated/asynchronous states generate ____ affect
choose: positive, negative

A

positive, negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

t/f- reparation from miscoordinated to coordinated (or asynch to synch) is important as learning experince- helps infants learn communicative and coping strategies for emotional regulation

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

interactions of depressed mothers and infants reveal…

a. more distress
b. more synchronous behaviours
c. more asynchronous behaviours
d. a and c

A

d. a and c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

depressed mothers take __x longer to reach their first episode of gaze synchronicity with an infant

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

A

d. 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

t/f- individuals w depressive disorder are more likely to avoid eye contact, mutual gaze, and general social contact

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Mother-infant synchrony is predictive of: (3)

A
  1. Child’s later attachment security
  2. Higher level of empathy
  3. Fewer behavioral difficulties throughout both childhood and adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

t/f- mutual gaze b/w mother and child at 5mo predicts self-control at 33mo

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

mother-infant synchrony is associated with stronger ____ regulation

A

emotional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

t/f- early emergence of mother-infant synchronicity is predictive of healthy emotional outcomes

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q 
Feldman conducted a study on infant eye gaze and affect among mother-infant dyads, with infant behaviour coded on a second by second basis. Explain each of the following possible values for infant behaviour coding:
-3
-2
-1
0
\+1
\+2
\+3
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in Feldman’s study, when mutual eye gaze occurred, infant affect ____ in the next second

a. remained constant
b. increased
c. decreased

A

b. increased

52
Q

(deleted)

A

(deleted)

53
Q

mother-infant synchronicity has been shown on a physiological level through which variable(s)?

a. heart rhythms
b. oxytocin levels
c. dopamine levels
d. all of the above
e. a and b only

A

e. a and b only

54
Q

“peptide hormone implicated in socially related processes” is the definition of:

A

oxytocin

55
Q

mother-infant synchronicity results in higher oxytocin in…

a. the mother only
b. the infant only
c. both

A

c. both

56
Q

t/f- synchronicity in mother-infant dyads is predictive of better psychological AND physiological outcomes

A

true

57
Q

Physical synchronicity between mother and infant is associated with:

a. Development of more adaptive physiological regulation
b. Optimal organization of biological rhythms
c. Both of these

A

c. Both of these

58
Q

vagal tone is a biomarker of the ____ nervous system and our ability to regulate strong ____

A

autonomic, emotions

59
Q

vagal tone represents degree of activity in the ____ nervous system

a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

60
Q

when vagal tone is activated, someone is most likely trying to…

a. fight/flight
b. get excited
c. relax
d. sleep

A

c. relax

61
Q

when presented with their mothers’ still face paradigm (no movement/synchronicity), infants showed an ____ in negative affect and ____ in vagal tone (pick: decrease, increase)

A

increase, decrease (indicates physiological distress)

62
Q

in MacLean’s/Feldman’s? experiment, some infants were described as “non-suppressors”- define

A

infants that did not suppress vagal tone during mother still face condition- tended to show less positive affect, higher reactivity, vagal suppression in normal play and reunion episodes

63
Q

mind reading model (and its 3 parts)

A

argues that people possess a system responsible for the perception of eye-gaze, which facilitates:

1) assisting with the identification of eyes or stimuli that resemble eyes in our surroundings
2) processing the direction of eye gaze
3) the interpretation of eye gaze as seeing (interpreting what eye gaze means)

^these things linked to the shared attention mechanism

64
Q

Cohen argued the mind reading model forms the foundation for a more complex mechanism called the…

A

shared attention mechanism

65
Q

joint attention

A

ability to ID where/what someone is looking at in enviro and to orient our attention to the same stimulus

66
Q

what is the function of joint attention/shared attention mechanism?

A

determine whether you and someone else are attending to the same stimulus

67
Q

joint attention is a critical precursor to…

a. theory of mind
b. emotional regulation
c. synchronicity
d. mutual gaze

A

a. theory of mind

68
Q

t/f- joint attention promotes learning bc it is shared experience that promotes communication about a particular stimulus

A

true

69
Q

t/f- the function of the shared attention mechanism involves facilitating joint attention

A

true

70
Q

t/f- joint attention emerges as early as 3mo

A

true

71
Q

Eye-gaze perception is critically important for _____ recognition

a. object
b. person
c. emotion
d. categorical

A

c. emotion

72
Q

to use gaze cues to establish joint attention w others, shared attention system must use info from … to detect what another person is looking at

a. bodily orientation
b. facial expression
c. hand gestures
d. eye gaze direction

A

eye gaze direction

73
Q

t/f- the ability to detect eye gaze direction and use that info to establish joint attention with others sets foundation for more complex aspects of perception, such as theory of mind

A

true

74
Q

direct eye gaze enhances perception of ____ and ____
averted eye gaze enhances perception of ____ and ____
a. fear
b. anger
c. sadness
d. joy

A

direct- anger, joy

averted- fear, sadness

75
Q

gaze direction…

a. provides perceivers with means to evaluate others’ interest in the enviro
b. enables early detection of socially relevant info
c. alerts people towards social cues
d. all of these
e. a and b only

A

d. all of these

76
Q

these 2 areas of social perception are impaired with aging, schizophrenia, and autism

A
  1. theory of mind

2. emotion recognition

77
Q

t/f- with age, brain volume decreases, neural connections decrease, and brain efficiency diminishes

A

true

78
Q

t/f- people w schizophrenia, ASD, and old people are more likely to show some inappropriate social behaviours in interpersonal situations due to declines in social perception (eg. ToM, emotion recognition)

A

true

79
Q

which brain region is activated when individuals orient attention to respond to the gaze of another individual, or perceive eye or mouth movement?

a. superior temporal sulcus (STS)
b. fusiform gyrus
c. orbitofrontal cortex
d. hippocampus

A

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

80
Q

when completing theory of mind tasks and engaging in joint attention, these 2 brain areas are activated:

a. superior temporal sulcus (STS)
b. ventromedial PFC
c. orbitofrontal cortex
d. superior frontal sulcus

A

b. ventromedial PFC, d. superior frontal sulcus

81
Q

research suggests challenges in ability to engage in joint attention among people diagnosed on autism spectrum are associated with abnormalities in activation of…(2)

a. superior temporal sulcus (STS)
b. ventromedial PFC
c. orbitofrontal cortex
d. superior frontal sulcus

A

STS and superior frontal sulcus

82
Q

the earliest and most pervasive age related decline occurs in the ____ and ____ regions

a. frontal
b. parietal
c. occipital
d. temporal

A

frontal, temporal

83
Q

which brain region is critical in following eye gaze, processing eye gaze, establishing joint attention ?

a. superior temporal sulcus (STS)
b. ventromedial PFC
c. orbitofrontal cortex
d. superior frontal sulcus

A

a. superior temporal sulcus (STS)

84
Q

Between 40-87yo, there is a 24% decline in STS density. What are the implications of this for:
joint attention?
IDing others’ eye gaze direction?

A

STS is involved in both of these, so both abilities may be impaired

85
Q

t/f- age related declines in grey matter density in prefrontal brain areas (which also support joint attention and complex social cognitions) are well documented

A

true

86
Q

eye contact and sense of social attachment are strongly associated, and the biological factor that underlies this association is _____

a. serotonin
b. estrogen
c. dopamine
d. oxytocin
e. depends if male or female

A

d. oxytocin

87
Q

BONUS: eye gaze is important for sense of ____ to others

a. duty
b. responsibility
c. connection
d. caring

A

c. connection

88
Q

eye gaze towards ambiguous faces is performed for what purpose?

A

extracting social information, especially from the eyes

89
Q

eye gaze towards unambiguous faces is performed for what purpose?

A

regulating social interaction, particularly with respect to approach and avoidance (eg. seeing an emotion displayed guides whether you want to continue or leave a convo)

90
Q

BONUS: t/f- functionality of eye gaze differs depending on whether you are viewing an ambiguous face (ambiguous expression) or unambiguous face

A

true

91
Q 
Oxytocin receptors are distributed in the following brain regions EXCEPT:
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Ventromedial PFC
Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
A

Ventromedial PFC

92
Q

which neuropeptide influences interpersonal trust, positive communication, social support, human attachment?

A

oxytocin

93
Q

Higher levels of oxytocin assist humans in:

a. Inferring mental states from social cues (even when they are subtle)
b. Inferring mental states from dynamic facial expressions
c. Increasing eye gaze towards the eyes of a face displaying a neutral expression
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

94
Q

t/f- oxytocin selectively enhances our processing of positive social info (eg recognizing happy faces) and negative social info (eg recognizing sad faces)

A

false- positive only

95
Q

what is a common methodology for studying oxytocin in relation to social behaviours?

A

nasal spray that alters oxytocin levels, which then alters social behaviours

96
Q

t/f- oxytocin comes into play in processing of complex social interpretations

A

true

97
Q

in the Domes study, the increased oxytocin group had increased eye gaze towards neutral facial expressions, and the eye gaze remained increased when … and decreased when …
(face morphed into either happy or angry expression)

A

increased- when face morphed into happy expression

decreased- when it morphed into angry expression

98
Q

social anxiety

A

Intense fear of social evaluations which are negative, resulting in a high degree of discomfort and an excessive amount of self-consciousness in day-to-day interactions

99
Q

social anxiety is associated with many differences in…

a. walking speed
b. eye contact
c. driving ability
d. speech articulation

A

b. eye contact

100
Q

individuals with social anxiety generally avoid direct eye gaze- why?

A

perceived as threatening, associated with fear of being judged and scrutinized- has negative feeling of increased heart rate, fight/flight

101
Q

people with social anxiety respond with increased … when presented with direct gaze

a. escape behaviours
b. avoidance behaviours
c. self-reported discomfort
d. cardiac acceleration

A

d. cardiac acceleration

102
Q

t/f- Humans tend to be very accurate when determining the spatial location associated with the gaze of another

A

true

103
Q

in order to be accurate about determining the spatial location associated with someone else’s gaze, we require…(2)

a. perceptual info about head position
b. perceptual info about bodily orientation
c. higher STS activation
d. perceptual info about eye direction

A

a. perceptual info about head position, d. perceptual info about eye direction

104
Q

Despite the high degree of accuracy, there is a range of eye gaze directions that individuals perceive as indicating … when in actuality, individuals are looking elsewhere

A

direct eye contact (eg. thinking someone is waving at you when they are waving at someone behind you)

105
Q

BONUS: t/f- due to intense feelings among socially anxious people of being looked at by others, it’s possible some aversive feelings are attributable to a bias in terms of how they (social anxiety people) reference eye gaze cues

A

true

106
Q

individuals with social phobia tend to display a larger self-directed perception of eye gaze directions, but this is only true when…

a. they are in a large group
b. they are unfamiliar with their surroundings
c. there is a second onlooker present
d. all of the above

A

c. there is a second onlooker present

107
Q

Gamer’s social phobia/eye rotation experiment

A
  • looked at people w social phobia vs control
  • participants presented w virtual lookers w neutral expression, and they had to rotate lookers’ eyes until they felt they were no longer being gazed as
  • in half these trials, a second, task irrelevant , virtual onlooker was presented
  • people w social phobia exhibited enlarged self-directed perception of gaze directions, but this was only true in presence of second virtual onlooker- this suggests this phenomenon might be threat based
108
Q

According to Schulze, there is a positive association between social anxiety and perception that other gaze directions are self-directed, and this effect is especially true for ____ and ____ expressions

a. negative (angry/fearful)
b. positive (happy)
d. neutral
c. surprised

A

negative (angry/fearful), neutral

109
Q

t/f- there is faster responding to direct eye contact by socially anxious individuals, suggesting tendency to avoid direct gaze

A

true

110
Q

Among individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder, threatening facial expressions preferentially activate neural circuitry that is involved in ____ responses

a. anger
b. surprise
c. disgust
d. fear

A

d. fear

111
Q

people w social anxiety have amplification in fear responses in response to faces with stronger…

a. emotional intensity
b. disapproving tone
c. male features
d. passivity

A

a. emotional intensity

112
Q

t/f- fear of eye gaze is a common and clinically significant symptom of anxiety disorder

A

true

113
Q

how do evolutionary theorists explain the avoidance of direct eye contact by people with social anxiety?

A

think it arose from manifestation of submissive behaviours- avoiding eye gaze which may be social threat from dominant individuals

114
Q

BONUS: Among individuals with social anxiety disorder, threatening facial expressions preferentially activate neural circuitry that is involved in fear responses- how is this a feedback loop?

A

the more people are exposed to threatening expressions, the more fear they have

115
Q

BONUS: t/f- in social anxiety disorder, Eye gaze stimuli has not been as intensely studied

A

true

116
Q 
Significant differences have been noted in all of the following brain regions EXCEPT \_\_\_\_ b/w controls and people with social anxiety disorder (SAD):
Amygdala
Fusiform insula
Anterior cingulate
Prefrontal cortex
STS
A

STS

117
Q 
Significant differences have been noted in the following brain regions b/w controls and people with social anxiety disorder (SAD):
Amygdala
Fusiform insula
Anterior cingulate
Prefrontal cortex

explain each brain area’s role in this process

A

amygdala- important for emotional stimuli processing
fusiform insula- helps process emotion and regulate body homeostasis
anterior cingulate- emotional processing, formation, learning
PFC- guides attention

118
Q

individuals engage in thinking tend to…

a. hum to themselves
b. avert eye gaze
c. put their hands in their pockets
d. scratch their nose

A

b. avert eye gaze

119
Q

people often look to the side and areas of low visual distractibility (plain surfaces- ceiling, wall, floor, etc) when thinking about a challenging problem- why?

A

assists in processing info since when imagining a problem (we often visualize), we use same neural substrate areas that are used for processing visual info- to overcome this , can close eyes or look at low distractibility area- less competition in neural resources

120
Q

we avert eye gaze when thinking due to ____ neural activities

a. endogenous
b. externally caused

A

a. endogenous (increase in pressure to recruit more cog resources to solve challenging problem)

121
Q

how is eye contact judged in NA cultures and people of European ancestry? Indigenous (eg. Navajo) cultures?

A

NA- positively

Indigenous- negatively

122
Q

how do European North Americans perceive someone looking up? Looking down?

A

up- perceived as thinking

down- perceived as lacking knowledge, comptence

123
Q

in Navajo, Japanese, and Ethiopian culture, looking down is perceived as…

a. offensive
b. incompetence
c. submission
d. respectful

A

d. respectful

124
Q

t/f- differences in cultural convention re direction of eye gaze might lead to different eye gaze displays when different people think

A

true

125
Q 
BONUS: in his study of eye gaze, McCarthy included the following groups: 
Canadian
Trinidadian
Japanese
why did he include these groups?
a. convenience sample was available
b. to overcome the Eurocentric/Westerncentric bias in the literature
c. to annoy Donald Trump
A

b. to overcome the Eurocentric/Westerncentric bias in the literature

126
Q

in McCarthy’s study, duration of eye contact and direction of eye gaze aversion was assessed when participants were asked 2 types of questions:

1) questions to which participants knew the answers (‘know’ condition)
2) questions to which participants had to come up with the answers (‘think’ condition)

what were the results across Canadians, Trinidadians, and Japanese people?

A

Canadians/Trinidadians- look up while thinking
Japanese look down
Conclusion: eye gaze displayed while thinking are at least partially determined by culture

Psychology 302 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions