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COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY > Lecture 6: Cartilage > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of cartilage?

A
  • Designed to bear mechanical stresses without distortion
  • Shock absorber
  • Frictionless movement at joints
  • Bone growth
  • Fracture repair
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2
Q

What 2 cell types are found in cartilage?

A

1) Chondroblasts -> replicating population of cells that secrete cartilaginous matric
2) chondrocytes -> maintain the matrix

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3
Q

What type of collagen predominates in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Type II

  • Type I in fibrocartilage and outer perichondrium
  • Elastic fibers in elastic cartilage
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4
Q

What 3 things make up the ground substance of the matrix of cartilage?

A

HA

Chondroitin sulfate

Keratan sulfate

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5
Q

What type of collagen predominates in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

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6
Q

besides collagen and ground substance, what else is found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Aggrecan

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7
Q

What types of cartilage are surrounded by perichondrium?

A

Hyaline and elastic

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8
Q

Does fibrocartilage contain a perichondrium?

A

No

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9
Q

In hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by territorial and interterritorial matrices containing type ____ collagen

A

II

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10
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

In embryo, articular cartilage, cartilage of respiratory tract and costal cartilage

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11
Q

In elastic cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by territorial and interterritorial matrices containing type ____ collagen AND what else?

A

Type II collagen and elastic fibers

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12
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear, epiglottis and auditory tube

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13
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks, articular disks of the knee, mandible, sternoclavicular joints and pubic symphysis

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14
Q

___________ is a dense CT interface around hyaline and elastic cartilage that carries the blood supply for avascular cartilage and is the source of new cartilage cells

A

Perichondrium

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15
Q

What layer of hyaline cartilage contains fibroblasts and produces type I collagen and elastin?

A

Outer fibrous layer

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16
Q

What cell type found in cartilage is often found in groups of 2-8 cells (isogenous groups)?

A

Chondrocytes

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17
Q

What layer of hyaline cartilage gives rise to chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells and contains chondroblasts secreting type II collagen?

A

Inner chondrogenic layer

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18
Q

What part of hyaline cartilage surrounds the isogenous cell group and contains high amounts of GAGs and lower amounts of collagen?

A

Territorial matrix

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19
Q

What part of hyaline cartilage surrounds the territorial matrix and contains more collagen II and fewer proteoglycans?

A

Interterritorial matrix

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20
Q

What location of hyaline cartilage is the exception in which it is not surrounded and nourished by a perichondrium?

A

Articular surfaces

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21
Q

Which zone of bone contains primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for the growth in length of the bone as erosion and bone deposition advance into this zone?

A

Reserve zone

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22
Q

Which zone of bone contains proliferating chondrocytes that align as vertical and parallel columns?

A

Proliferative zone

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23
Q

What zone of bone is characterized by apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of the territorial matrix?

A

Hypertrophic zone

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24
Q

What zone of bone is characterized by blood vessels penetrating the transverse calcified septa and carry osteoprogenitor cells with them?

A

Vascular invasion zone

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is characterized by increased flexibility and returns to original shape after deformation?

A

elastic

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26
Q

What type of cartilage may develop as a result of damge to hyaline cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

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27
Q

Which type of cartilage growth takes place within cartilage mass itself?

A

Interstitial growth

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28
Q

Which type of cartilage growth forms new cartilage on surface of pre-existing cartilage?

A

Appositional growth

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29
Q

Where does appositional cartilage growth occur?

A

Within layer of perichondrium

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30
Q

During appositional cartilage growth, chondrogenic cells produce what type of collagen?

A

Type I

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31
Q

After appositional cartilage growth is initiated, what do chondrogenic cell become and what do they secrete?

A

Chondroblasts and secrete collagen II and ground substances

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32
Q

During what type of cartilage growth do chondrocytes divide within lacunae, creating isogenous groups?

A

Interstitial growth

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33
Q

What increases the mass of cartilage during interstitial cartilage growth?

A

New chondrocytes secreting more matrix

  • Overall growth is due to secretion of new matrix
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34
Q

What is interstitial cartilage growth limited by?

A

Avascular nature

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35
Q

For interstitial cartilage growth during embryogenesis, mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into chrondroblasts which form centers of _____________

A

Chondrogenesis

  • A center of chondrogenesis consists of chondroblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix
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36
Q

During interstitial cartilage growth, chondroblasts divide by mitosis, and the daughter cells remain within the same space or lacuna forming what?

A

An isogenous cell group

  • This cell group is surrounded by territorial matrix and a wider interterritorial matrix surrounds the territorial matrix
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37
Q

When is interstitial growth of cartilage very active?

A

During endochondral ossification

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38
Q

During appositional cartilage growth, the outermost cells of the develiping cartilage are spindle-shaped and clustered in a regular fibrous layer called _________

A

perichondrium

  • This is a transitional zone between cartilage and the surroudning genral CT
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39
Q

During appositional cartilage growth, the inner cells of the perichondrium, the _________ layer, differentiate into _________, which synthesize and secrete type _____ collagen precursors and other ECM components

A

Chondrogenic; chondroblasts; type II

40
Q

New layers of cells and ECM are added to the surface of cartilage by the process of __________ growth, and the overall size of the cartilage increases.

A

appositional growth

41
Q

Repair of damaged cartilage is due primarily to activity of the ___________

A

Perichondrium

  • More common during growth!
42
Q

In the adult, what type of cell type regarding collagen is produced in relatively small numbers?

A

chondrocytes

43
Q

Cartilage is usually replaced by _______ or ________ (if vascularized)

A

Dense CT; bone

44
Q

In adults, the proliferation of perichondrium usually results in what?

A

Formation of dense CT

45
Q

When cartilage is damaged, what can stimulate bone growth instead of cartilage repair?

A

Proximity of blood vessels

  • Due to high oxygen tensions, this produces osteoblasts
46
Q

Cranial bones, ribs and the sternum are all examples of what general joint type?

A

Synarthroses

47
Q

Intervertebral disks and bodies are examples of what general joint type?

A

Amphiarthroses

48
Q

Synovial joints are an example of what general joint type?

A

Diarthroses

49
Q

What general joint type permits little to no movement?

A

Synarthroses

50
Q

What general joint type enables slight movement?

A

Amphiarthroses

51
Q

What general joint type permits free movement?

A

Diarthroses

52
Q

An articular capsule is part of a synovial joint and is usually strengthened by what?

A

Accessory ligaments

53
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments found in the articular capsule of synovial joints?

A

Intrinsic ligaments = part of the fibrous capsule

Extrinsic ligaments = separate from the capsule

54
Q

What is the role of ligaments found in the articular capsule of synovial joints?

A

Limit joint movement

55
Q

A synovial membrane lines the entire synovial joint except what part?

A

The articular cartialge

56
Q

What happens is the synovial membrane of a synovial joint is damaged?

A

It regenerates

57
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint?

A

Produces synovial fluid

58
Q

Articular cartilage found in synovial joints is what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

59
Q

What is the role of articular cartilage found in synovial joints?

A

Reduces friction between bones

60
Q

Are nerves or blood vessels found in articular cartilage in synovial joints?

A

No

61
Q

What is articular cartilage in synovial joints nourished by?

A

Synovial fluid

62
Q

Does articular cartilage in synovial joints have a perichondrium?

A

No

63
Q

What are the 3 major components of a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule

Articular cartilage

Synovial membrane

64
Q

The synovial membrane of joints contain type ____ macrophage like synovial cells and type ___ fibroblast-like cells

A

A;B

65
Q

What is the rolw of type B fibroblast-like synovial cells found in the synovial membrane of synovial joints?

A

They produce synovial fluid, which contains HA to increase viscosity and lubricates cartilage to reduce friction

66
Q

What is the role of type A synovial cells found in the synovial membrane of synovial joints?

A

Contain lysosomes to clear articular cavity of debris formed by fiction of articular cartilages

67
Q

Which layer of articular cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes that are small and flattened parallel to the surface?

A

Trangenitial layer

68
Q

What is characteristic to the most superficial part of the tangenitial layer of articular cartialge?

A

Its devoid of cells

69
Q

What is characteristic of the collagen fibers in the tangential layer of articular cartilage?

A

Very fine -> run parallel to the surfface ofthe cartilage

70
Q

What layer of articular cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes that are slightly larger and round and occur both singly and in isogenous gorups?

A

Transitional layer

71
Q

What is characteristic of collagen fibers in the transitional layer of articular cartilage?

A

Take an oblique course through the matrix of the transitional zone

72
Q

Which layer of articular cartilage is characterized by large chondrocytes that form radial colums (the stacks of cells are oriented perpendicular to the articulating surface)?

A

Radial layer

73
Q

What is characteristic of collagen fibers found in the radial layer of articular cartilage?

A

The course of collagen fibers follows the orientation of the chondrocyte columns

74
Q

What layer of articular cartilage is characterized by resting on the underlying cortex of bone?

A

Calcified cartilage

75
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Hyaline

76
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic

77
Q

What type of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage

78
Q

Label the arrow and state what type of tissue this is?

A

Perichondrium; Hyaline cartilage

79
Q

Label A-D and state the tissue type

A

A) Inner chondrogenic layer

B) Territorial matrix

C) Interterritorial matrix

D) Chondrocytes

  • This is hyaline cartilage
80
Q

What is the top arrow next to “F” point to and what type of tissue is this?

A

Outer fibrous layer; hyaline cartilage

81
Q

What do the “I’s” in this picture represent and what type of tissue is this?

A

Isogenous groups of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage

82
Q

Label the zones

A

A) Reserve zone

B) Proliferative zone

C) hypertrophic zone

D) Vascular invasion zone

83
Q

Label the layers (A-E) of articular cartilage

A
84
Q

Label A-C

A

A) Articular capsule

B) Synovial membrane

C) Articular cartilage

85
Q

Label A-D

A

A) Synovial membrane

B) Articular cartilage

C) Synovial cavity

D) Capsule

86
Q

What layer of articular cartilage is this?

A
87
Q

What layer of articular cartilage is this?

A
88
Q

What layer of articular cartilage is this?

A
89
Q
A

Osteoarthritis

90
Q
A
91
Q

Label A-D and state this tissue type

A

Articular (hyaline cartilage)

A) Synovial cavity

B) Synovial membrane

C) Synovial fold

D) Meniscus

92
Q

Label A-C and state what type of cartilaginous growth is represented here

A

A) Territorial matrix

B) Interterritorial matrix

C) Isogenous groups

  • Appositional growth
93
Q

Label the 3 zones in the pic (T, F & M)

A

1st (T) = tendon

2nd (F) = fibrocartilage

3rd (M) = mineralized fibrocartialge

94
Q

What type of cartilage is depicted in the picture?

A

Fibrocartilage

95
Q

Label the 2 arrows and state the tissue type

A

elastic cartilage

Top arrow = elastic fibers

Bottom arrow = chondrocyte

96
Q

Label A and B and state the tissue type

A
  • Elastic cartilage

A) chondrocytes

B) Elastic fibers

COM: MSK (Midterm) COPY (23 decks)

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